LEILET BUH CHIN DAN

  BUNG - 2

  BUH KUINA

Nausen pian tha leh hrisel nei tura a hringtu nu hriselnain awmzia a nei em em a ni.

1. A hmasa berin Buh chi kuina tur chu tha taka daikawi a siam tur a ni a.

2. Bawngek hnimhnah tawih, changpat ek leitha leh fertilizer te hi ngaihtuah loh tur an ni. Leilet naupangah chuan bawngek, leitha leh a dangte hi a tul nep deuh a, fertilizer erawh chu pek ngei a tha. Buh tiak te phunsawn hlima an hliam-te a dam thuai nan leh zung thar an thlak hmaa anmahnia chaw eitur an neih ngei theih nan, leilet Hectare 1 a phunsawn tur buh chi kuina bialah chuan DAP 15kg. leh MOP-2Kgs emaw lek, buh chi theh hmain pek nise, lei nen rual taka dai kawi pawlh tur a ni. Buh a tiah tawh hnua Urea theh hi mi tam tak tih dan a ni ve bawk a, a chi theh hmaa lo pek lawk hi a duhawm zawkah ngaih a ni.

3. Buh chi kuina tur chu hmun khat mar put a siam lovin, a tul anga hmun hnih hmun thuma siam a tha zawk bawk. 1.25m (4ft) a zau, 10m.(33ft) a seiin a inkar inch 8 vela zauva zuah awl a, rih pawn hi ft chanve vela sang nise, chutiang a kara khuar te chu a tul huna kal velna atan leh tui luanna atan a ni. Mumal lo taka Buh chi kui tiah te, tui chimtir vak mai te hi a tha lova, tui paih kam theihna hmun remchang laiah ngei nursery hi siam tur a ni.

4. Chutiang bial pawng thliah thliahte siam fel hnuah chuan buh chi chiah uingho tuar mai chu bial khatah 1 kg. hisapa rual taka theh tawh tur a ni a. Leilet hectare khata Phun atan buh chi Kg.40-45 a tawk a, tawt lutuk lo leh thawl lutuk lovin, a zavaia phunsawn tlak tura siam thiam a pawimawh a ni. Buh chi theh te savain an chhar loh nan bird scaring ribbon (sava hlauh) a ven a sawt hle.

Buh tiak te rannung leh natna laka venhim thu ah kan inthlahdah fo thin a. An chhiat tawh hnua chhan tum ai chuan lo ven lawkin a nei zawk.

1. Kan sawi tak anga kan ti chung pawh a, buh tiakte a lo khawng fir fer a, a uk/buangin emaw a rawn bawh a nih chuan bavistin thirfiante khat lek tui litre 10-a pawlhin kah vat tur a ni.

2. Buh zikno thi a awm chawk a, a kuitiahnaah chang ni lovin, phunsawn hnuah pawh a awm thin. Hetiang atan hian Carbofuran (Furadon) hman a ni ber, Damdawi mu hraw hreih hruih a ni a, bial pakhat zelah gram 50 lek rual taka theh tur a ni. He damdawi hian buh nget (stem borer) pawh a veng tel a ni. Hetiang damdawi hi tui sah kam phawta theh tur a ni a, ni thum hnuah tui chimtir leh tur a ni ang.

3. Buh tiakte phunsawn tura pawh veleh a zung silfaia dah thlithlawr hnuah damdawia chiah a tha bawk. Chutianga chiahna damdawi atan chuan tui litre 10-a Chlorophyriphos far hnih khat lek far a, Urea thirfiante 2 lek pawlha chu damdawiah chuan a zung bawr chin darkar thum chiah a ngai. Hei hian nakin lama a hriselna tur atan a thawk a ni.

4. Dithane M-45 gram 100 emaw Bavistin gram 50 emaw buh chi Kg.40 bual nana hman hian natna tam tak lakah a veng thei a, tin, heng damdawi te hi a eng emaw zawk zawk pawh tui litre 40-ah pawlhin buh chi chu nikhat leh zankhat chiah nise a tha bawk.

BUNG - 3

LEI BUATSAIH LEH BUH PHUN SAWN

Buh chinna tur lei buatsaih dan (Land Preparation):Buh tha taka ching tur chuan a lei hi uluk taka buatsaih a pawimawh hle.

       Nipui laiin 30cm. (12") vel emaw, chu aia thuk lo deuh emaw pawhin lei leh a tha. Hemi lei leh nan hian Mould Board Plough hmanga lei leh khawh emaw, hmanraw dang pawh hmanga leh khawh ni ngei se. A chhan chu rannung leh an tui lei hnuai a mi buh tichhe thintu tam takin an thih phah bakah hnimin a thih phah a lei a vawng hnawng tha a ni. Tin, buh seng zawh veleh hian lei hi let thei ila, chu chu tuiin vawi khat chimtir ila, a tha a, a nih loh vek pawhin hnawng tha taka dah tur a ni.

      Buh Phunhma ni 10 vel emawah buh chinna tur lei kha power tiller, tractor emaw, ran hmanga uluk taka leh tur a ni a, 15cm. (6") vela thuk in tum thum vel tal leh nawn a, a lei pawh dip tha taka leh tur a ni. Tin, hetih rual vel bawk hian bial tlang thalo te lo siam that a, tui tha taka tling thei tura Siam tur a ni bawk.

      Leilet bial tin hi a inzawl (level) tha em em tur a ni a, tui lak luh hmain a rual thei ang bera hrut rual phawt tur a ni. Tichuan tui dah luh a, uluk taka daikawi tur a ni a, tui dah luh hnu hian a inzawl lo lai te a awm chuan siam rual zung zung tur a ni. Tichuan, tui tling chungin tum 3 tum 4 vel chu uluk taka dai kawi vek tur a ni. Dai kawi uluk hi a thatna em em chu lei mur a siam tha a, a hlawm deuha awmte hi a tisawm tha a, chu chuan lei chunglang chu diak nem tha takin a siam a. Hetianga uluk taka dai kawi chuan leia thlai chaw awmsa te leh Fertilizer hmanga chaw kan pek te kha buhin an ei that phah a, leihnuai lama tui put ral (percolation loss) a titlemin tui a hek lo bik a, chubakah hnim to tur a tinep in lo a awl phah em em bawk a, tin, buh phun pawh a tiawlsam em em a ni. A bik takin buh thar hlawk (High Yielding Varieties) kan chin dawn phei chuan dai kawi uluk hi a pawimawh lehzualin, hlawhtling taka thar tur chuan tihmakmawha neih tur a ni.

      Dai kawi hnuhnung ber rual emaw hian fertilizer kan pek tur te pawh pek a tha a, tin bawngek lei tha ang lampang chi te kan pe thei fo lo a nih chuan, Green manure hmanga lei tha pek a tha bawk.

      Buh chinna tur te dai kawi aiah a lei tih muk (compaction) hi an ti bawk a (hei hi chu a la lar vak lem lo a ni). An tih dan tlangpuiah chuan lei leh phut hnuah rual taka tui tling thei turin lei sein rual a, chumi hnuah lei pangngai ang deuh thawa muka tih muk tur a ni a. Hemi tihmuk nan hian thil rit tham deuh hnuh lirh a tha a. Hetia han tihmuk zawh hian lei chunglang pante 2cm. emaw vel lekin rih phut leh deuha tui dah luha tlintir ve mai tur a ni. Campaction that na em em chu tui a ngai tlem a, chuvangin tui duh anga hmuh that theih lohnaah a tha a, leihnuai lama tui put ral (percolation loss) atitlem a, fertilizer te pawh thlaiin an hman tangkai phah leh zual a. Chutih lai chuan a that loh ve deuhna thung chu buh phun a harsa deuh hi a ni.

Lei buatsaih (Land preparation)chungchanga hriat tur pawimawh te :-

      1) Nipui laiin 30cm. (12") vela thuka lei leh tur.

      2) Buh Phun hma ni 10 velah 15cm. (6") vela thukin tum thum tal leh nawn tur.

      3) Leilet bialte rual taka tui tling thei tura siam.

      4) Tum 3/tum 4 tal uluk taka daikawi tur.

Buh phunsawn tura buatsaih dan : Buh tiak te chu pawh ni la laa phun leh hi a tha ber a, hemi hi a harsa deuh a nih pawhin a tukah emaw tal phun tum hram hram a tha.

       Buh phunsawn tura a tiak pawh hian kilh zela tel a, a zunga lei kaite thin thlaka tih fai a, a hnah ler lam hmun thuma thena hmun khat (1/3) vel ah tan chhum tur a ni.

       Buh tiak phunsawn tur te hi an hrisel tawk tur a ni a, hemi atan hian Nursery-ah uluk taka enkawl a ngai a. Chubakah a kung nget awmtir tu rannung leh khau leh rannung dang thenkhat laka ven nan a tiak phunsawn dawn hian a zung te silfai a, Chloropyriphos (Dursban) 1ml. leh tui 1 litre leh Urea 10gm chawhpawlh siam a, hemi tuiah hian buh tiak phunsawn tur kha a zung pilin darkar 3 chiah hnuah phunsawn a tha.

Buh tiak Phun sawn hun : Thar hma leh thar tlai dan azirin a phun sawn hun a danglam thei a, dan naranin kui atanga ni 15 atanga ni 28 vel inkar hian phunsawn tur a ni. Phunsawn tlai hian a peng tlemin a vui hma leh si a, a thar a tihlawk lo em em a ni.

       Chutichuan, buh thar hma chi ni 70/80 vela thar chi e.g. Heera, a tiak ni 15 vela upa a nihin phun sawn tur a ni. Ni 90 vela thar thin e.g. Neela te pawh hi ni 20 hma ngeia phunsawn a tha a. Ni 120/130 vel a thar e.g. Jaya/Ratna te hi chu ni 25 vela upa a nihin phunsawn a hun leh bawk a. Chutiang zelin a thar luna leh tlai azirin a phunsawn hun pawh a inang lo thei a. Nimahsela ni 130 vel aia thar tlai hi chu tunlaiah chuan chin tawh loh hram hram a tha. A chhan chu kum khatah tum hnih tum thum thar nawn a harsain,(Double & Multiple cropping) a harsa a, ram leilung hman tangkai dan pawhin duhthu a sam lo.

Buh Phun sawn (Transplanting): Daikawi laia tuitlingte kha buh phun dawn hian sah kam tur a ni a, tichuan phun sawn atanga ni 2 emaw ni 3 emaw hnuah tui dah leh tur a ni.

A Phun inkar hlat zawng: Buh tlar fel taka Phun hi a thain enkawl a nuam a, khawl hmanga hnathawh pawh a tiawlsam. A tlangpuiin ni 100 emaw a aia tlem emaw chhunga thar chi chu a tlar inkar hlat lam 15cm. (7.5") leh a tlar ah 10cm. (5")-a inhlata phun a tha ber a; ni 100 aia rei chu a tlar inkar hlat lam 20cm. (10") leh a tlar ah 10cm.(5")-a inhlata Phun a tawk viau bawk. A hmasa zawk 15cm.x 10cm.-ah hian ram 1 metre bialah bi 67 vel a awm thei a, a hnuhung zawk 20cm.x 10cm.-ah hi chuan bi 50 vel a awm thei bawk a. Chuvangin square metre 1 a zauah bi 50 aia tlem lo awm thei se a hlawk bik em em a ni.

Bi khata Phun tur zat : A hun taka kan phun theih chuan bi khatah buh tiak (zai) 2 emaw 3 emawa phun a tawk. Buh Phun sawn tlai hian a peng a titlem a, chuvangin, Phun tlai deuh chuan bi khatah zai 4 emaw zai 5 emaw vela phun a tha, a peng tlem thi then tur hisap a ngai.

Phun thuk lam : 2.5 cm. (1.5"), kut chang khat chen vela thuka phun hi a tha ber, hei aia thuk chuan phun loh hram tur a ni.A chhan chu phun thuk lutuk hian a peng a titlaiin a titlem thei a, a thar thlengin a hlawk loh phah thin a ni.

BUNG-4

FERTILIZERS LEH BAWNGEK LEITHA HMAN DAN

Buh hlawk taka thar theih nana pawimawh em em chu Fertilizer leh Bawngek lei tha (thlai leh hnim hnah tawih te nen) hman hi a ni. Kan leiah thlai chaw awmsa te an tam tawk loh avangin buh kan thar hlawk thei lova, fertilizers leh bawngek lei tha hmanga an chaw mamawh pek a ngai a ni.

Thlai chaw chi hrang hrangte leh a pe theitu fertilizer te :

Thlai te hian an than len a an lo puitlin nan chaw chi hrang hrang sawm paruk(16) an mawmawh a, heng an chaw chi hrang hrangte hi an mamawh tam dan a inang lova, amaherawhchu an vai hian pawimawhna an nei vek a ni.

Thlaiten an chaw zingah mamawh hnem bik chawpui pathum an nei a, chungte chu - Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) leh Potassium (K) te an ni; an sawi awlsam nan NPK an ti mai thin. Heng an chawpui pathum te hi kum tin pek ziah a ngai a, chaw tenau danghote erawh chu a bika mamawhna hmunah lo chuan pek ziah a ngai lem lo, a chhan chu an mamawh a tlem bakah leiah hian an mamawh tawk a awm thin vang a ni.

Thlai chaw NPK hnathawh tlangpui te leh a pe theitu Fertilizers pathum te :-

1. Nitrogen (N) :

      a) Thlai nunna bul a ni.

      b) A than lentirtu a ni.

      c) Thlai hrinna petu a ni.

      d) Thlai chaw dangte thlaiin an ei that theih nan puitu a ni bawk.

Nitrogen pe theitu Fertilizer te chu Urea leh DAP etc te an ni.

2. Phosphorous (P) :

a) Thlaite chakna pe tu a ni.

b) A zung chhuah that tirtu leh chhuah hma tirtu a ni.

c) Thlai rah hmatirtu leh tihlawktu a ni a, a chi insiamnaah a puiin a tithatu a ni bawk.

A pe theitu Fertilizers te chu DAP,SSP, Rock Phosphate etc. te an ni.

3. Potassium (K) :

a) Thlai natna leh rannungte do chakna petu a ni.

b) Sik leh sa lo danglam thutin thlai a tichhe tur vengtu a ni.

c) Thlaiin Nitrogen leh phosphorous an ei that theih nana puitu a ni.

d) Thlaiten Nitrogen an ei tam lutuk a veng bawk.

e) Thlumna siamtu leh petu a ni.

f) Potassium hian thlai chaw tenau ho Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur, Iron, Zinc Boron, Molydenum te thlaiin a ei theih nan a pui bawk.

       Potassium pe theitu fertilizer chu Muriate of Potash (MOP) a ni.

Fertilizer leh leitha chi hrang hrang lar zualte leh an chaw pai zat te :-

       Mizoram leilet hmuna buh tana Fertilizer bituk zat chu a hnuaia mi ang hi a ni. (Kan lo leite Soil Testing Laboratory ah kan endik a nih chuan kan lo bik atana fertilizer mamawh zat a hriat theih bawk a ni).

NPK(Kg/Ha)	Urea	DAP	MOP	Bawngek Leitha
	(Kg)	(Kg)	(Kg)	(Tin)
Buh 60 40 40	96	87	67	Tin
	96.0	87.0	67.0	1000

A chi kuina (nursery)-a Fertilizer mamawh zat :- A chi kuina zau zawng 10cm x I .25m. zelah Bawngek leitha 20- 30 Kg. (i.e tin 2-3) Urea 80 gm. SSP-80 gm. emaw DAP-30 gm leh MOP-40 gm. pek tur a ni.

Fertilizer pek dan : Leilet dai kawi hnuhnung ber rualin Urea pek tur zatve (1/2) leh DAP leh MOP pek tur zawng zawng pek nghal tur a ni.

Urea la bang zawng chu hmun hnihah inzata thenin vawi hnih pek leh tur a ni a, a pek hunte chu :-

(i) Buh peng insiam tantirh, chu chu buh Phun atanga ni 25 leh 30 inkar velah, a peng tipung turin.

(ii) Buh vuih tantirh lai emaw a par laiin emaw, pek leh tur a ni, chu chu buh phun atanga ni 55 leh 65 inkar velah a ni ber. Tin, hlo thlawh zawha pek theih nise a tha.

       Bawngek leitha/hnimhnah tawihte chu buh phun hma chawlhkar 4-6 velah lo pek lawk tur a ni. A pek zat chu tin khat hmunah bawngek leitha tin 400 pek tur a ni.

BIOFERTILIZERS

Bio-fertilizer hi enge a nih?

Thlai te hian chawtha (Nutrients) an nun nan leh an thanzel nan an mamawh a, chung chawtha zingah chuan Nitrogen leh Phosphorous te hi an pawimawh hle a. Heng nitrogen leh phosphorous hi kawng thum (3) in pek theih an ni a, chungte chu -

1) Chemical fertilizers hmangin

2) Organic Manures -

       a) Ranek leitha (FYM)

       b) Vermi compost

       c) Compost

3) Biofertilizers hmangin : Biofertilizers te hi hriknung (Micro-organism) atanga siam an ni a, thlai chi sawngbawl nana hmanin emaw thlai zung chiah nan emaw leia thehin emaw boruaka Nitrogen-te leiah an dah khawl thei a, tin, leia phosphorous awmte thlai ei theih turin a siam chhuak bawk a ni.

Bio-fertilizers chi hrang hrang te : Bio-fertilizer chi hrang hrang pali (4) a awm a, heng te hi kawng hnihin a then theih :

a) Nitrogen siamchhuak thei bio-fertilizer.

       i) Rhizobium

       ii) Azotobacter

       iii) Azospirillium

b) Phosphorous siamchhuak thei Bio-fertilizer

       i) Phosphotica/Phosphobacter (PSM)

Bio-fertilizer tangkaina te :

*Thlai chawtha, a bikin Nitrogen leh Phosphorous thlai tan an siam thei :

       Nitrogen - 25%

       Phosphorous - 15-30%

* Thlai thar chhuah 20-35% in a tipung, thlai than chak dan 15-30% in a ti chak bawk.

* Damdawi tel lovin lei a ti tha.

* Lei ti mur leh pianphung an ti danglam a, chu chuan tui pai theihna a ti sang. Thlai thi tawhte ti tawihin C:N ratio a ti sang. Thlai than dan, a bikin a zung than dan a ti chak a, chu chuan lei atanga tui leh chawtha lak chhoh kawngah a tanpui nasa em em a ni.

* Leitha siamtu rannung tangkai (beneficial micro-organisms) lei chhungah a ti pung.

* Bio-fertilizer thenkhat chuan thlai venhimna damdawi ang chi an ti chhuak a, chung chuan khawkheng leh natna chi hrang hrang do let turin thlai a ti chak.

Bio-fertilizer hmanna turte :

1) Rhizobium:Rhizobium hi Biofertilizer chikhat "Be kawm nei" thlai (legumes) ho tan bika hman tur a ni. 'Be' thlai te Rhizobium hmanga kan sawngbawl hian, Rhizobium hrik (Bacteria) te chu thlai zung thanglai bulah an in thlah pung ta vak mai a, thlai zung chhungah lutin, zung bawk (Nodules) a siam ta a, he zung bawk chhungah hian awmhmun khuarin Nitrogen an dahkhawl a, chu chu thlai in a hmang tangkai thei a ni.

Rhizobium, Bio-fertilizer te hi "Be kawm nei" thlai chi hrang hrang hman turin siamchhuah a ni. Entirnan - Bekang a hman tur chi bik a awm a, chungte chu Bekang tan chauh a hman tur a ni, a dang 'Be' lam chi tan hman loh tur a ni.

Rhizobium hman hlawkna :

1. Thlai thar za-ah 25-40 in a tihlawk.

2. Chemical Nitrogen, a bikin Urea hman tam a ngaih loh phah.

3. Nitrogen 50-300kg ram hectare 1 atangin thlai tan a siamchhuak thei.

4. Hormones a siamchhuah avangin thlai zung a insiamtha a, thlai a than that tir a ni.

2) Azotobacter leh Azospirillium :

Heng bio-fertilizers chi hnih hian boruak a mi Nitrogen a dah khawm a, chu chu thlai in a lo hmang tangkai ta thin a ni. Tlangrama kan thlai chin - Buh, Vaimim, Fu, Sawhthing, Antam, Serthlum, Ser etc. tana hman tur an ni. Heng chi 2 (hnih) te hi hmanna tur bik thlai a awm a, hetiangin -

       i) Azotobacter: Tlangram buh - Vaimim, Sawhthing, Fu, Serthlum, Ser, Antam leh a dangte (Be kawm nei tel lovin).

       ii) Azospirillium: Leilet buh bik tan chauha hman tur a ni.

An tangkainate :

1) Nitrogen 15-25 kg ram hactare/hmunah a siamchhuak thei.

2) Thlai thar za-ah 10-20% in a tipung.

3) Hormones leh Vitamins an siamchhuaka, heng hian thlai zung than that nate, nutrients leh tui hip luh that nan te leh lei a thlai natna do tur ten thlai a tanpui nasa hle bawk.

3) Phosphobacter (PSM) :

Phosphobacter hi Bio-fertilizer chi khat hrik nung (micro- organism) pai tho a ni a, Phosphorous lei a mi thlai ei theih tura siam tu a ni. He hrik nung hian chemical chikhat tichhuakin Phosphorous lei a awmsa thlai ei theihna turin a siamchhuak thin a ni.

A tangkaina :

1) Phosphorous 15-20% thlai hman theih turin a siam chhuak thin.

2) Thlai thar a ti pung nasa.

Bio-fertilizer hman dan leh hman zat turte :

Bio-fertilizers hi kawng 3 in a hman theih -

1) Thlai chi sawisak nan.

2) Thlai tiak phunsawn tur sawisak nan.

3) Lei a theh/phul.

1. Thlai chi sawisak nan : Nitrogen pe thei Bio-fertilizer (a enga pawh) 200 gm leh Phosphorous pe thei Bio-fertilizer Phosphobacter 200 gm leh tui 300-400 ml uluk taka tin/bucket-ah chawhpawlh in thlai chi 10 - 12 kgs nen minute 15 chhung nuaipawlh tur a ni. Hemi zawhah daihlim ah dah hul phawt a, chin tawh tur a ni.

2. Thlai tiak zung sawisak nan : Nitrogen pe thei Bio-fertilizer (a engnge maw ber) 1 kg leh phosphorous pe thei Phosphobacter 1 kg leh tui 5 litres bucket/tin-ah emaw chawhpawlh a, thlai tiak kan phunsawn tur zung chu minute 30-45 vel tal chiah tur a ni. Chiah hnuah dah hul lovin phunsawn nghal tur a ni.

3. Lei a theh/phul : Hemi atan hian Bio-fertilizers chu lei chunglang hangtha nena chawhpawlh tur a ni. Hetiangin - Bio-fertilizers(Azotobacter/Azospirillium) 4kgs leh phosphobacter 4 kgs lak a lei chunglang hangtha/bawngek lei tha 60-80 kgs vel nen uluk taka chawhfin tur a ni; a ti hnawng tawk lek tura tui theh zawh ah buara emaw changel hnah in emaw khuh leh a zan i riah tur a ni. A tukah thlai kung bulah emaw lei leh rualin emaw theh/phul tawh mai tur a ni.

Thlai Hming	Biofertilizer hman tur leh a zat
1) Bekawm nei thlai	Rhizobium 200 gms leh Phosphobacter 200 gms te hi pawlha, thlai chi 10-12 kgs nuai nan a hman tur.
2) Buh, Vaimim, Fu, Bawrhsaiabe etc.	Azotobacter 200 gms leh Phosphobacter 200 gms leh tui tlem pawlh a thlai chi kg 10 nuai pawlh tur a ni.
3)Leilet Buh	Azospirillium 2 kgs leh Phosphobacter kgs leh tui pawlha buh tiak zung minute 30 aia tlem lo chiah tur a ni.
4) Tomato, Hmarcha, Parbawr, Zikhlum leh thlai phunsawn chi dang dang te.	Azotobacter 1 kg leh Phosphobacter 1 kg leh tui pawlh ah, thlai zung minute 30 aia tlem lo chiah tur a ni.
5) Alu, Sawhthing,Bal, Fu, etc.	Azotobacter 4 kgs leh Phosphobacter4 kgs leh bawngek leitha/lei chunglang hang tha 60-80 kgs chawhfin a, zan 1 riah hnuah phul/theh mai tur a ni.
6) Serthlum, Ser,	Azotobacter 4 kgs leh Phosphobacter4 kgs leh bawngek leitha/lei chunglang hang tha 60-80 kgs chawhfin a, zan 1 riah hnuah phul/theh mai tur a ni.

Bio-fertilizers hman dawna hriatturte :

1) Bio-fertilizer Ip (packet) te hi hmun hul tha leh daihlim, nisa-in a em theih lohna hmunah dah thin tur a ni.

2) Hriknung an nih avangin nun theih chin (expiry date) an nei a, an thih hma ngeia hman tur a ni.Siamchhuah atanga thla 6 chhungah ngei hman tur a ni.

3) Bio-fertilizer a sawisak/chawhpawlh tawh thlai chi te leh chemical fertilizer chawhpawlh loh tur.

4) Rhizobium bik hi a ip (packet) kawm a inziak thlai tan bik chauh hman tur a ni.

5) Biofertilizer Ip (packet) hi hman dawnah chauh hawn tur a ni. Kan hawn tawh chu hman zawh nghal vek tur a ni.

BUNG - 5

LEITHUR LEH A ENKAWL DAN

Khawvel ram hrang hranga leite hi an inang lo hle mai a, thlaler ram Rajasthan te, Gujarat te leh Israel ram angte khu an lei a al em em a, an tui te thlengin a al a ni. Mizorama kan leite erawh hi chu an thur thung a, kan lui tuite pawh hi a tehna khawla teh dan chuan an thur deuh vek a ni.

Mizoram lei thurna chhante:- Lei thurna chhan hi tam tak a awm thei a, Mizoram lei thurna chhan pui ber chu Fur ruahtui tam vang a ni ber a, heng ruahtuite hi kum tin lei thurna vengtu thlai chaw ni bawk Calcium leh Magnesium te lei hnuaiah a luan ral pui thin avangin Mizoram lei te hi an lo thur ta a ni. Chubakah hnim leh thing hring (vegetation) kan la ngah vang a ni bawk.

Lei thur leh thlai te:Lei thur lutuk hi thlai te hian an ngeih lo a, lei thur lutukah chuan thlai a thar hlawk tak tak thei lo a ni. A chhan chu lei thur reng rengah chuan thlai chaw leia awm, a bikin phosphorous ang te hi kan leiah tam tak awm mahsela, thlaite ei theih loh turin an inman khawm tlat thin a ni.Phosphorous hi thlai chaw pawimawh ber te zinga mi a ni, thlaite tana eitur a tam tawk loh chuan thlai a thar hlawk theih loh a ni. Hemi bakah hian lei thurah thlai chaw dang, a tenau-ho (Micronutrients) Iron te, Manganese te, Copper te an lo tam lutuk ve thung thin a ni. Lei thur reng rengah chuan thlaite chaw zawnna ber a zungte a thang tha thei lova, thlaite an thang lian chak lo bawk thin.

Mizoramah hian fertilizers chi hrang hrang Urea, DAP leh MOP te kan hmang uar ve ta hle a, mahse DAP kan pawlh hian lei thurah chuan a tam zawk hi thlai ei theih loh turin lei thurna khan a lo man khawm tlat thin a ni. Chutichuan Mizoramah chuan thlai chawpui ber pakhat Phosphorous a tlem a, thlai chaw tenau-ho Iron, Manganese, Copper te an lo tam lutuk ve thung a, kan thlai te ram changkang te angin a thar hlawk lo thin a ni.

Leithur tihreh dan: Kan ram leite chu lo thur em em mahsela, a tih reh theih a, lei thur tih reh dan mithiam (Scientist) te hmuhchhuah chu chinai thi hman hi a ni. Leia chinai thi kan pawlh hian lei thur a tireh thei a ni.

A hma lama kan sawi tak ang khan lei thurna chhan chu fur ruahtui ten lei atanga Calcium leh Magnesium te a luan bo pui vang a ni kan tih tawh kha. Chinai thi hian Calcium leh Magnesium a paia, chutichuan chinai thi kan pawlh hian leiah calcium leh magnesium te kan pe a ni a, anmahni hi thlai chaw pawimawh tak an ni bawk. Chinai thi kan pek hian leia ei theih Iohva chaw awm kha eitheihin a lo awm ve thung thin a ni. Lei thura thlai chaw tenau ho Iron, Manganese leh Copper tam lutuk thin kha chinai thi pawlh hnu chuan thlai mamawh tawk chauhin a lo kiam thei a ni.

Chinai thi pawlh a pawimawhna chhan chu lei thura thlai chaw pawimawh ber pakhat Phosphorous thlai ei theih loh tura awm thin kha a lo tuiral a, thlaite tan ei tur a lo awm ta a, an kung a lo chak a, an rah leh chi te a lo tha bik thin a ni.Tin, DAP te thlai tana kan pek lei thur avanga eitheih mang lohva awm thin kha thlaiten an chaw atan an lo ei theih phah ta thin a ni. Chutichuan lei thura chinai thi kan pek hian lei thur a tihnep mai bakah thlai te tana a hnathawh dangte chu :-

      1) Thlai chaw, Calcium leh Magnesium a pe.

      2) Thlai chaw Phosphorous leh Molybdenum te thlai ei theih turin a titui thin.

      3) Thlai chaw tenauho (Micronutrients) a lo tam lutuk hian thlai eitheih loh turin a siam bawk thin.

      4) Fertilizer DAP, Rock Phosphate, SSP te thlai a kan pekte anih tur angin thlai in an ei theih phah.

      5) Leia rannungte an lo pung a, lei timur a siam tha.

      6) Lei thura thlai zung thang tha thei lo kha a lo thang thain thlaite an thang chak bik a ni.

Chinai thi pek dan leh pek hun : Chinai thi hi lei ah a theh a theh darh tur a ni a, chu chu leia leh hnan leh tur a ni. Tin, thlai chin hma thla khat velah lo theh lawk tur a ni a, Urea leh DAP te nen hman pawlh loh tur a ni bawk. Fur ruahsur hun laiin lei a hnawn that tawk chuan thlai chi thlak hma kar khat velah pawh pek a pawi lo.

Chinai chi hrang hrangte : Thlaite tana hman chi chinai chi hrang hrang a awm a, chung te chuan lei thur an tihreh theih dan a inang lo hlawm a, a hnuaia a number tam apiang hi an chak tihna a ni.

       1) Dolomite              - 95 - 108

       2) Slaked lime        - 120- 135

       3) Quick lime/unslaked lime (Chinai pangai) - 150- 175

Mizorama kan hman lar ber chu Slaked lime (Chinai thi) leh Dolomite (Chinai buang) hi an ni a. Slaked lime hi a chak deuh zawk nain leithur tih reh nan an tha ve ve a ni.Slaked lime quintal khat hmanna turah Dolomite kan hman chuan 1.25 quintals a ngai thung a ni.

Chinai pek nawn hun : Hmun hrang hranga enchhinnaah chuan chinai vawi khat pawlh hian kum 3-4 thleng leithurin a nghawng tha lote a veng thei a, hemi hnuah hi chuan hna a thawk tawh lo a ni. Chutichuan chinai hi kum tin pe lovin pek atanga kum lina atang chuan pek leh a tha. Pek atanga thlai vawi 5-6 thar hnuah a tira pek zatve pek nawn lehin a tha bawk.

      Chinai thi pek tur zat hi leithur dan leh a leilung azirin a danglam thin a. A tlangpuiin Mizoram leilung leh kan leithur dan enin hectare khat azauvah quintal 8-20 vel pe ila a tawk.

Chinai thi leh fertilizer pek : Chinai thi chauh pawlh hian buh leh thlai dangten an hlawk phah a, mahse a hlawkpui dan ber chu chinai leh fertilizer N.P.K pek kawp hi a ni. Kan thenawm State Assam-ah buhah enchhinna an nei a. Chutah chuan chinai thi leh fertilizer pek loh naah buh 19 quintals leilet hectare khatah an thar thei a, chinai thi chauh an pekin 21 quintals an thar thei a, 2 quintals-in a hlawk zawk a nih chu. Amaherawhchu chinai thi leh fertilizer N.P.K chikim) an pek chuan buh 40 quintals an thar thei a ni. Chinai thi chauh pawlh aiin 19 quintals-in a hlawk zawk a ni. Buhfai hi kg khat vel Rs 25/- man anga chhutin Rs 47,500/- laiin a hlawk zawk a nih chu. Chinai thi pek lohna leilet ai phei chuan quintals 21 zetin a thar tama chu chu a pawisa chuan Rs 52,500/- zet a ni.

BUNG - 6

TUI HMAN TANGKAI DAN

A hmasa berin kan thlai chin reng reng hi hlawk taka thar tur chuan kan chinna hmun lei a hrisel tur a ni. Lei hrisel kan han tih hian lei dur tha, thlai chi hrang hrang mamawh chawm tura tui duhkhawp awmna leh chaw pai tam tawk, leia rannung chi hrang hrang leh thlai zungte leh thlai kung ten harsatna leh dipdaltu awm lova tha taka an than len theihna tur hmun tihna a ni ber mai. Kan leilet te hi ramngaw kan thiah tirh chuan kan han sawi tak lei hrisel leh tha an ni a, chuvangin thlai engpawh hlawk tak leh tha takin a chin theih a, mahse, hun a lo rei a, kan leiletah te chuan kum tin thlai kan lo chingin leilet te kan lo chawk let nasa ta tial tial a, hei vang hian lei thatna pawh a lo tlahniam ve tial tial a. Tichuan kan thlai chin te pawh a lo thar hlawk lo tial tial ta a ni.

Leileta buh kan chin dan ber chu lei kan let phut a, tui la lutin,kan dai kawi ta a, chutah buh kan phun a, englai pawhin tui kan chimtir ta reng thin a. Hetia tih hian buh tan a tha hle a, tin, hnim a chim hlum thin a, hlo thlawh a awl phah bawk. Loneitu tan chuan a zangkhai thlak hle a ni. Mahse lehlamah chuan hetia lei han dai kawi hrep mai hian lei a ti chhe ve thei a. Tin , tui tam taka englai pawha chimtir reng hi a tha ber lo. Chuvangin tui hman kawngah hian fimkhur leh uluk taka hman tur a ni.

Tui daihzai leh tha taka hmang thei tur chuan a hmasa berin kan leilet, hetiang hian siam tur a ni.

       1. Leilet bial tlang tha taka siam a, tui put theihna reng reng hnawhphui vek tur a ni. A theih ram chuan bial tlang pawh a ngil tha tur a ni.

       2. Leilet chhung chu a zawl (level) tha em em tur a ni. Lei kan dai kawi laiin tui chim dan azirin harsa lotein a siam theih.

      3. Leilet bial tinah a hrana tui pek theihna tur tuikawng ( field channel) siam tur a ni. Hmun tam takah chuan leilet bial chungber a tangin tui kan la lut a, heta tang hian zawi zawiin bial tlang lai sahin a mawng berah tui kan dah thei chauh thin a. Hei ai chuan leilet laiah emaw leilet sirah tuikawg siam ila, heta tang hian bial tinah tui pek mai theih a ni.

      4. Tui tam lutuk paihna (drainage channel) siam ngei ngei tur a ni a. Heta tang hian engmah khawih pawi lovin tui paih chhuah tur a ni.

Buh hi awmze nei taka tui pe thei tur chuan buh than chhoh dan hrang hrang leh tui mamawh zual bik hun lai pawh kan hriat ve a tha awm e.

1) Germination stage	Buh tiak hlim tihna a ni.
2) Tillering stage	Buh pen hun lai.
3)Jointing stage	Buh a chang pahnih khat vel a lo insiamtan hun.
4)Shooting stage	Buh chang inkar (internode) a lo sei tan
5)Booting stage	Buh chang a insiam zo tawh a, a tulzum hma hun.
6)Heading stage	Buh tulzum hun lai.
7)Flowering stage	Buh par hun lai.
8)Heading stage	Buh fang insiam a tanga a hmin thleng.
i)Milk stage	Buh fang insiam tan tawh mahse a la tui lai, a khal hma
ii)Dough stage	Buh fang han hmehin a tui thei tawh lova , ala hnawn deuh hun
iii)Waxy-ripe stage	Buh fang a lo pumin han hmeh pawhin a sak tawh.
iv)Full-ripe stage	Buh hmawr en hun lai.
v)Deep-ripe stage	Buh seng hun.

   Dai kawi that leh uluk hian buh thar a ti hlawk bik em em a ni. Tin, dai kawi hian hetiang hian tangkaina dang pawh a nei.

1. Tui tam tak lei hnuai lama put ral tur a veng.

2. Tha taka dai kawi hian hnim a ti hlum a, hlo thlawh a ngaih nep phah thin a ni.

3. Buh tan chaw(nutrients) a ti tam bik.

4. Lei leh tui temperature nasa takin a vawng tha.

5. Boruaka Nitrogen leiah a lakhawm chak a, hei hi tuia algae (blue green algae ) hmangin a chhek khawm thin a ni.

6. Thlai chaw insiamna (photosynthesis) a tichak a. Heti hian hnah hnuai lamah pawh tuiin nieng a reflect atanga chaw an siam chak vang a ni.

Hun engemaw chen atang khan hmun hrang hranga Scientist ten an lo enchhinna atangin buh hi tui tam tak leh thuk tak taka chim tir rengin a thar hlawk phah chuang lo, tui tam tak paih ralna mai mai a ni tih an hria a . Chu aichuan tui pan te 5cm vela chim tir hian buhin an ngeih zawkin a thar hlawk zawk a, tui tlem deuh pawhin ram zau tak a chawm theih zawk a ni. Tin englai pawha tui chim tir hi a ngai kher lova. Buhin tui a mamawh zual lai, buh phun hnu , a peng insiam lai leh buh par lai hian tui chim tirin a dang zawngah chuan lei hnawng tak a nih chuan a tha mai a. Kan ram ang ruahtui tamna ah phei hi chuan tui pek hranpa ngai lovin, ruahtui hi a tawk tlangpui a ni, Hetianga tui pek hian englai pawh a tui pek reng nen athar hlawk dan a inang reng a ni. Tin, buh seng zawha thlai dang chin pawh a tha bik bawk a ni. Amaherawhchu buhin tui a mamawh zual hun lai kan sawi hunah te khan an tui mamawh tawk an hmuh loh chuan an thar hlawk loh phah ve hle thung a ni.

       Buhin tui a mamawh ang a zirin a changin tui an chimtir a, a changin an paih chhuak (drainage) leh bawk a, hetiangin-

Lei dai kawi leh hrut rual (level) zawhah buh tiak kha pan thei ang bera phun tur a ni.

Buh phun zawh hnu buh an lo nun that hma leh peng an la siam hma, a tlangpui thuin kar hnih khat vel hi chu tui pan te 3-5cm vela chimtir tur a ni.

Buhin peng a lo siam tan( Tillering) atanga buh chang (shooting stage) a insiam zawh thleng hian tui pante 2-3cm vela thukin emaw hnawng deuh chapa chimtir tur a ni.

Buh chang (internode) insiam zawh tawh a tulzum(booting stage) hma, buhin tui a mamawh vak loh lai hian bial chhung atangin tui awm zawng zawng sah kang vek tur a ni.Lei awm dan azirin ni3-4 vel phoro tur a ni.

Hemi zawh hian tui lak luh leh tur a ni . Buh tulzum (booting stage) atanga buh par hun (flower stage) leh buh vui insiam thleng hian tui tam deuh 7-10cm vela thuk a chim tir tur a ni.

Buh fang insiam atanga buh hmawr en (Grain formation) thleng hian tui pan te 2-3cm vela chim tir tur a ni.

Buh hmawr en hnu hi chuan tui pek hranpa a ngai tawh lova, lei hnawng tawk erawh chu a mamawh.

Buh seng hma ni 15 aia tlai lovah tui paih vek tur a ni.

      Hetia a changa tui paih chhuah leh thin hian leia tur (tonic sulphides) a paih bova. Tin, leiah oxygen thar lam tam tak a pe a, buhin a thar hlawk phah bawk a ni.

       Kan hriat atana tha leh chu, buh chawm nana bial chhunga tui kan khung hian tam tak chu lei hnuai lamah buh tan a hman theih lovin a put ral thin a. A tlangpui thuin 50-70% vel hi lei hnuai lamah a put ral thin . kan ram ang ruahtui tamnaah hian chuan ruah vantla ringawt ring hian leilet leh tlangram terrace-ah tha takin buh kan thar thei ang. Lei hnuai lama tui put ral thin hi hetiang hian engemaw chen chu a dan theih a ni.

1. Kan leilet/terrace chu sawntlung lei , leiban ni thei se, tin 5-10cm vela thuka lei char (hard pan) awm turin dai kawi thei bawk ila.

2. Kan leilet/terrace bial chhung chu level tha taka siam ngei ni se.

3. Bial zimte tea kan leilet thensawm teuh ai chuan bial zau deuh zawka siam a tha .

4. Lei chhu mukin emaw leileh phutsa kha barrel tia vel tin khawrin, chumi pawh kalna tur chu siamin, barrel chhunga lei thun khah hnuah lei leh phutah khan mihring emaw bawngin emaw hnuha delh muk tur a ni, Chumi hnuah tui lak luh a, buh phun mai tur a ni.

5. Kum khat emaw kum hnih danah emaw tal chuan kan leiletah hian thlai dang chin ve tur a ni. A bikin thlasik thlai (Rabi crop) chin nan Tractor emaw Power Tiller-in emaw thuk deuh taka lehphut tur a ni.

BUNG - 7

THLAI VEN HIM

A tlangpui thuin buh hi zaa sawm atanga zaa sawmthumchu rannung leh natna avangin kum tin hloh a ni. A hun taka enkawl leh venhim hian hloh tur tam tak atangin a chhanhim thei fo thin a ni.

      Plant protection han tih hian a huam zau thei em em a. Damdawi hmanga rannnung leh natna lak atanga buh leh thlai dang venhimna hi Plant protection anga hriat lar ber nimahsela, thil dang tam tak, mithiam tena Plant Protection tlinga an ngaih a awm a ni. Chungte chu :-

1) Lo neituten rannung tui, pangang leh rannung puitling tawhte pawh vaikhawm a, kuta man harsa deuhte chu len suaha man khawmte a huam a. Rannung tui tihchhiat ringawt atang pawh hian rannung te lak atangin thui fe chu himna a awm thei a ni.

2) Natna leh rannung laka him thei buh chi tha hman tur.

3) A hun taka lei tha pek thin.

4) Lo/huan fai leh thianghlim taka enkawl.

Hun rei tawh tak atang khan damdawi hmanga thlai venhim hi an uar hle tawh a. Tun thlengin nasa taka hman chhoh zel a la ni a. Damdawi han tih hian mihringin dam nana kan hman damdawi nen hian ngaih pawlh a hlauhawm hle a, Agriculture-a damdawi kan tih zawng zawng deuh thaw hi tur hlauhawm tak, mihring te tan pawha hlauhawm vek an ni tih hriat a ngai a ni.

Heng tur te hi kan hman uar em em nachhan chu kawng dang hmanga thlai venhimna hna a hlawhchham tawh hnuin awl-ai taka thlai venhimna atana a hman theih vang a ni. Mizoramah pawh turte hi kan hmang uar ve ta hle mai.

MIZORAMA BUH TICHHETU RANNUNG LEH A VEN DAN

1. Grass Hopper(Khau): Khau chi hrang hrang a tam hle a, a tam zawk chu hnah ei mi an ni a. Buh te vaimim te, Fu te leh thlai dang pawh an tichhe nasa hle a ni. Buh hnah sir an ei hek thin a, a chang chuan an ei rek ngut thin. Buh hnah zikno leh Buh vui lo chhuak tir pawh an ei chhe bawk.

      Buh hmuna cheng bik khau (Hiegoglyphusbanian) phei hi chu "Buh khau" tih a ni hial a. A note a rawn keu chhuah hlim hlawt atangin Buh hnah an ei nghal thin a ni. A puitling chu inches 2 vela sei hring eng tle deuh a ni a, a tukhumah a vang zawngin thlur thum 3 in a dumin a tial a. A note chu an eng a, rawng ukin a kap nuk bawk thin.

      June leh July thlaah a keu a, thlai an ei chhe nghal thin. August leh september thlaah an lo piang thin a ni.August leh September thla chhung vel lai hi an hnawksak zual lai ber a ni.

Control dan : Nuvan(Dichlorvos) tui litre 1-ah ml 3 pawlh a, kah tur.Hemi bakah hian Methyl Parathon Powder pawh a tha bawk.

2.Plant Hopper (khau chi): Heng hi khau te reuh te Buh kung han tih chet zawnga kat sep sep thin te hi an ni a. A puitling pawh centimetre 1 vel leka sei an ni a. Amaherawh chu a ruala chetla an nih avangin Buh hmun an ti chhe zau thei em em a ni. Hetiang khau te hi chi hrang hrang tam tak an awm a. a then te chu a hring te an ni a, a thente erawh chu a tial deuh te leh thla var deuh te an ni thung a, Buh an tih chhiat dan erawh chu a inang tlangpui. A rualin Buh hnah khat an bei a, hmun dangah an pakai leh zel a. Heng rannungin Buh hmun an beih chuan, an chetna lai apiangah Buh hnah a roin a kang ang maiin a ro sen thup thin a ni.

Enkawl dan : Dimecron 2ml ah tui litre khat pawlha kah emaw, Nuvacron 3ml. tui litre khata pawlh a kah emaw, Sevin 2gm. Tui litre khata pawlha kah tur a ni.

3.Rice Bug (Thlangdar) :A note leh a puitlingin buh a tichhe thin a. A puitling chu ria deuh zet zawt, hring uk deuh a ni a, ke leh lei sei tak an nei a ni. August thla atanga November thlengin an hnawksak hle a, zing lamah leh tlai lamah an inlar deuh ber. Hmelma laka inven nan thil rimchhia an tichhuak thei bawk. An tamnaah chuan Thlangdar rim a nam huam huam thin.Buh a tui pum laiin a tui an hip thina, hemi avang hian buhin a si phah thin a, buh thar a tlem phah thin a ni.

Enkawl dan : Malathion 50 EC ml. tui litre khata pawlha kah emaw, Endosulfan 3ml. tui litre 1-a pawlha kah emaw, Sevin 3gm tui litre khata pawlha kah tur a ni.Chhunah an chet loh laia kah tur a ni.

4. Paddy call fly :He rannung hi thosi aia lian awrh chauh a ni a, Buh kungah tak chuan a tui lem lo a, amaherawh chu a tui a tanga lo keu chhuak pangang te reuh te te chu buh kungah an pem lut thin a. Tin, hemi an pem luh hun lai hi buhin a peng a chhuah hun lai tak nen a intawng chiah thin a. May atanga September thla vel lai hi an hnawksak ber lai a ni.

       Heng pangangten Buh kung hreuh chunga an ei avang hian buh kung a lo piangsual thin a, Buh hnah rawn chawr chhuak tur ho kha parh chhuak ta lovin hnah kawrawng , purun hnah ang mai an chhuah ta thin a, tin, heng hnah kawrawngte hian silver rawng lek lek an pu a, Buhin rah a chhuah loh phah thin a ni.

Enkawl dan:Ekalux (quinalphos) 5ml. tui litre khat pawlha kah tur a ni.

5.Rice Hispa :Rannung dumpawl sut 5 vela sei, hlinga khat a ni a.A tetlai leh a puitlin tawh hnuin Buh an khawih chhe ve ve a, A hring lai an nawr khawk a, an ei thin a ni. Hetianga a hring lai zawng an ei thin avang hian buh hnah chu langtlang thei , pan dir diarin a lo awmin a ro mai thin a ni.

       A lo puitlin hnuin heng rannung te hian Buh hnah an eichhe zawm zel thin a, a dung zawnga thlurin hnah hring lai an nawr khawk a, buh hnah thai ran nuaih angin a lang thin a ni.

Enkawl dan :Zolone(Phosalone) 3 ml. emaw Ekalux (quinalphos) 4ml. emaw Nuvacron (Monocrotophos) 3ml. emaw tui litre 1 pawlh a kah tur a ni.

6. Leaf folder (Hnahkhawr) : Buh hnah khawr thintu pangang te hi phengphehlep hmul te reuh te te tui atanga lo keu chhuak an ni a. Heng phengphehlep hmulte hi rawng eng lar tak emaw eng uk deuh te an ni a, zan lamah an che tla ber thin a ni.

       Phengphehlep note pangangte hian an tet zual lai chuan a hnah khawr lem lovin hnah hring no lai an ei thin a. An lo len deuh hun chuan hnah sir tawn tawnah ril zamin an pawt khawr a, hnah inkhawr chhung lama a hring lai an nawr khawk a, an ei thin a ni. Hetiang an ei hnu hian hnahte chu langtlang thei khawpa panin an awm a, an ro phah thin a ni. kung khat an ei kawlh hnuin kung dang ah an pakai zel thin a ni.

Enkawl dan:Nuvacron (Monocrotophos) 3ml. emaw Ekalux (quinalphos) 4ml. emaw, Dimecron (phosphamidon) 3ml.emaw, Zolone (phosalone) 3ml emaw tui litre khat zela pawlha kah tur.

7.Stem Borers( Buh kung nget):Buh kung hreuhtu pangang ti ila a dik ber awm e. An ninawmin pawi an khawih nasa em em a. Heng pangang te hi Phengphehlep tui atanga lo keu an ni a, an hun khawhralna tam ber chu Buh kung hreuh kuak a, a chhunga mi eiral a ni a. Heng pangangin a tih chhiat buh kung hi a tliak hma em em a, a kung tuamtu hnahah te heng an luhna kua hi a awm thluah thin a, Buh kung a engin a ro mai thin a ni. Stem borers tih chhiat Buh kung te chu han pawt ila, awlsam takin a chhum hmawk hmawk mai a ni. Buhin rah a chhuah loh phah thin a, a rah chhun pawh a si deuh vek thin a ni

Enkawl dan :Sumithion 2ml litre khat pawlha nursery kah tur a ni a, Phun sawn a tanga ni 15-20 velah tuitling laiah Furadan (kg 13 acre khat atan ) theh leh tur a ni a.Hemi hnu ni 30 velah Dimecron 2ml. tui litre khata pawlha kah leh tur a ni.

8.Rice Root weevil (Vual):Vualte hian zung an ei chhe deuh ber a,july atanga September thla chhung hi an chet tlat hun lai a ni a. Buh zung chawr chhuak tur an ei chhiat zel avangin , buh kung than a thuin, buh hnah a ro thin a, tam tak phei chuan an thih phah thin a ni.

Enkawl dan:Buh kung bulah Furadan 3 gm. Dah tur.Leiletah chuan tui titling chunga he tur hi buh hmunah phul mai tur a ni a. Acre 1 atan kg 10 vel a tawk a ni. Furadan te hi kut lawnga khawih hauh loh tur a ni.

9.Cash warm:Sakawrbakcheha rual taka tan ang maiin Buh hnah hmawr a chhum hmur thin a.Tin, heng hnah chhumna bul vel hi thai ran nuau angin a awm bawk thin.Hetianga buh kung awmna chhan chu pangang chikhat Case worm (Bawm pangang) vang a ni a. Heng pangang te hian buh hnah hring lai nawr khawkin an ei thin a. Amaherawh chu an chet tlat dan a hahdam ang reng viau a, a hnah chilh chhum kha mawi takin an khawr a, chumi an khawr chhungah chuan an tawm tlat a, an lu chauh an ti lang a. Hetiang hian leilet tui tlingah an lang kual vel a, buh kung an duhna apiangah an pakaiin pawi an khawih thin a ni.

Enkawl dan:

1)Endosulphan 2ml. emaw Sevin 4 gm. Emaw Ekalux 2ml. emaw Nuvacron 2ml . tui litre khat zela pawlha kah tur.

2)Leilet tui sah kang a tha bawk.

10. Root Aphits:Hei hi buh zung hrik a ni a, a zungah an bawr tuai thin a ni. Heng hrikin buh zung an beih chuan buh kung alo engin , a vuai a, a thi mai thin a ni.(Hei hi kumthu kan ti bawk)

11.Army Worms (sipai pangang):Sipai rual ang maiin Buh kungte a huhova an beih thin a vangin a hlauhawm hle a, leilet hmuna chetla thin an ni deuh ber a, buh hnah a kawlh chak duh hle a ni. Case worm chet tlatnaah an awm duh ve hle a. Pangang hrik uk, a dung zawnga in tial a ni a, zanah an che tlangpui thin a ni.

Enkawl dan:Nuvan 5ml. emaw Endosulphan 2ml. emaw tui litre khat zela pawlha kah tur a ni.

12.Mole cricket:Khuangbai chi a ni a, buh zungno leh buh kung lei hnuai chin a mi a eiin a seh chhum thin. Lei chhungah hreuhin lei a tiphut ve surh thei a, tui tlin lohna hmuna buh te a khawih chhe thin.

Enkawl dan:A chet tlatna hmunah Furadan 3gm. Theh emaw Nuvan 5ml. tui litre khata pawlha, a chet tlatna lai lei kha kah tur a ni.

13.Chakai:Chakai hian hmun thenkhatah pawi an khawih ve nasa em em a. Buh kung bul an chilh chhum a, an kuaah an pulut thin. Tin leiletah kua an hreuhin buaina tam tak an siam ve a ni.

Enkawl dan:Copper sulphate tuia leilet theh tur a ni.

BUH NATNATE

1.Blast:

A lan dan :- He natna lan chhuahna chu buh hnahah leh bu kuang tuamtuah a ni a. Natna chu hmuamhma sei, ria deuh zum tawn uk deuhin a lo lang a. Tin, natna hmuamhma chu rawng uk/duk emaw vut rawng emawin a hual pap a. Natna kai tan tirha hmuamhma chu a eng dang emaw a hring, vut rawng mahmahin emaw huh deuh perin a lang a. Natna a lo rei deuh hnu erawh chuan a hmuamhma kha a uk deuh emaw buhpawl rawng emaw a ni thung a. Buh kuangah leh buh vui velah he natna hi a lo lan chhuah chuan a natna hmuamhma chu hnaha a lan aiin a duk zawk a. Tin, buh kuangah natna a vei chuan, buh chang a dumin, a tliak hma hle a ni. Buh thau laiah natna a vei chuan buh vui hnuai lam zawng kha a lo uk vek thin a ni. Buh thau damlo lai kha a lo rek thin avangin buh vui awmchhun pawh a uai hnup thin a, tin, a rek laiah khan atliak hma em em a ni. Heng avang hian buh thar a hlawk lo thei hle thin a ni. Chu lo rengah pwh he natna vei buhte hian vui an chhuah tha duh lo hrim hrim a ni.

Enkawl dan: Hetiang natna hi Mizoramah pawh kan nnei vein, hmun thenkhatah te phei chuan a hluar hle a. A hluar na hmunah chuan Bavistin 2gm. Tui litre 1 zelah pawlhin tum khat nursery ah kah a, buh kung a peng tan tihin tum 2 (ni 10 danah ) leh tum khat buh a tul zum ta tihin kah leh a tha a ni. Bavistin a awm loh chuan Dithane M-45 (3 gm tui litre khata pawlhin), kah hun kan sawi tak angah khian kah theih bawk a ni.

2.Brown Spot :He natna pawh hi kan ramah hian hmuh tur a awm ve ta hle a. He natna a thil langsar tak chu buh hnah leh buh kuangah a dum emaw a uk emaw bial sawl deuhin a lo hang thluah a. Natna avanga hmuamhma te hi chhawhchhi fang tiat vel zel a ni a. Tin heng natna hmuamhma te hi rawng eng dal takin a hual pap thin . A natna a nasat deuh phei chuan heng chhun han(spot) ho hi infinin, a hnah pumpui a tuam vek thin a ni. Buh a lo puitlin hnuin buh par a piangsualin a taka insiam puitling thei thin lo a ni. Natna hi buhin a vei hma deuh phei chuan buh a lo tulzum khan par chhuah mang lo in a riral mai thin a ni. Natna a hluar viau chuan a hnah a pum pui a uk chhuak vekin a ro vek thin a ni.

Enkawl dan :Lei chhe lai deuh hri a nih a vangin lei tha chi khat chauh, entir nan, Urea ringawt pe ngawt ngawt lovin leitha kimchang Nitrogen, Phosphorus leh Potash pek thin tur a ni. Hei hian natna lo awm tur leh natna awm tawh te pawh thui takin a chhanhim thei a ni. Natna a lang tan tihin Dithane M-45 3 gm tui litre khata pawlhin ni 10-12 danah tum thum emaw tum li emaw kah tur a ni.

3.Bacterial leaf Blight :

He natna hi chi hnihin a lang chhuak thei a :

(1) Natna lan theih dan pakhat chu natnain a hnah chauh a beiin buh a puitlin tawh lamah a lo lang chhuak thin a. Buh hnah sir hriam laiah a hnah hriam zui zawngin a engin emaw buhpawl rawngin emaw buh hnah hring thalai a rawn tial a. ( a rawng a danglamna ramri hi akir deuh chak a) . He buh hnah tialtu hian hnah chhip lam atanga tanin a chhuk zawngin a kal thin a. Hetianga buh hnahah a dung zawnga rawng dang a lo awm hian buh hnah chhip a lo rovin a inpawt khawr a , buh hnah sir, rawng lo danglamna lai zel kha a lo rovin , a dung lam leh vang lama hma la zel chungin a hnah hmun tam zawk a lo ro thin a ni. He natna hi a lo zual zel chuan buh kung pengah te a kai zel a, Buh kung pum puiin a thih phah hial thin a ni.

Enkawl dan : Steeptocycline 1gm .tui litre 75 a pawlh a kah tur a ni.

NB: Buh te hi sik leh sa azirin a rovin natna vei niawm tak te pawhin an lang ve thei thin a. Damdawi leh a kahna atana sum leh tha sen a hmain mithiamte rawn hmasak a tha fo.

BIO PESTICIDE

Thuhmahruai :

Thlai venhim nana hmanraw chi hrang hrang a huhova hman a ngai a, chu chu Integrated Pest Management (IPM) an tih hi a ni. Bio-pesticide pawh hhi IPM peng pakhat Bio-logical control zing a mi a ni.

Biopesticide awmzia : Biopesticide awmzia chu thlai tichhetu chi hrang hrang (rannung, natna hrik etc) suat nan hman thilnung tihna a ni.

Biopesticide tangkainate :

1)Biopesticides hi thlai ei chhe tu rannung /natna/ hnim suat nan a tangkai.

2)Boruak, tui leh leilung a ti bawlhhlawh ve lo, mihring tan a hlauhawm lo.

3)A tum (target) a fuh chat chat.

Biopesticide chi hrang hrang leh a hman dan :

Biopesticide hi hrang hrang thahnem tak a awm a, chung te chu :

a) Rannung suatna te

b) Thlai natna hrik suatna te

c) Hnim (hlo) suat nate

       Tunah hian mithiam Scientist ten an hmuhchhuah belh zel bawk.

Biopesticide zinga chhiar telve , a nung chunga hman ni ve silo a awm a , chu chu Neem kung a tanga siam chhuah insecticides hi a ni. A chhan chu hetiang neem atanga siam chhuah hi Directorate of plant protection Quarantine and Storage, Government of India Bio-pesticide zinga a telh vang mai a ni.

Bio-Pesticide lar zual deuh te chu hetiang hi an ni :-

1. Trichogrammatids : Hei hi rannung te tak te, vaihmite tiat lek khuaidang(Wasp) kan tih mai ang chi khat a ni. He rannung hi thlai eichhetu rannung (pangang) chimawm ber pakhat lungphur thlahtu (moths) chi hrang hrang suattu tangkai tak a ni.

India rama hmun hrang hranga an hman lar te leh thlai bik (host plant) atana an hman chu hetiang hi an ni:-

Serial No.	Trichogramma hrang hrangte	Thlai (crop)	Rannung a suat rem te
1	Trichogramma Japonicum	a) Buh	Buh kuang nget(stem borer)
		b) Fu	Fu kung hreuhtu(Early shoot borer)2
2	Trichogramma Chilonis	a) Buh	Buh kunga pangang chi hrang hrang
		b) Fu	Fu ti ngettu pangang hrang hrang (Early borer,stalk, Top borer, internode borer etc)
		c) Serthlum/ser	Ser hnah eitu pangang( Citrus leaf eating caterpillars)
		d) Vaimim	A kung hreuh tu pangang leh a fang a pangang( Maize stem borer )
		e) Tomato	Tomato rah beitu pangang (Tomato fruit borer)
		f)Alu
		g)Behlawi
		h) Bawrhsaiabe	Hnah leh rah eichhe tu pangang
		i) Badam	Hnah leh rah eichhe tu pangang
		j)Changkha	(Helicoverapa armigera)
		k)Bekang	(Helicoverapa armigera)
		l)Channa etc
3	Trichogramma Pretiosum	Tomato	Rah leh hnah eitu pangang (Harmigera)
4	Trichogramma Bactrae	Zikhlum,Parbawr,Bulbawk,Antam leh Broccoli etc	Hnah eichhetu pangang(plutela Xylostela)

* A chunga tarlan Trichogramma pali te hi India ram chhunga hman lar te an ni a, hengte bakah hian chi hrang hrang tam tak a la awm a ni.

* Heng chi li te hi tunah Mizoramah siam chhuah hna thawh tan mek a ni.

* Trichogramma Chilonis (Sl. No.2 )hi thlai tarlan te bakah thlai dangah pawh hman a ni, rannung chi 25-30, thlai hrang hrang beitu a suat rem thei a ni.

A hman dan :

Trichocard (lehkha -1" a hlai, 6" a sei ) ah rannung tangkai (Trichogramma) tui 16000-20000 keu mai tur (Laboratory a siam) lak a, pawh bunna tura siamsa hmun 8 ah tih bun a, thlai hnah hnuai lamah hling/pin /stapler emaw a cheh beh mai tur a ni. Card atanga rannung tangkai rawn keu chhuak chuan lungphur thlahtu tui a zawng nghal char char a, Card 1 hi cc 1 zel a ni a, ram tin 1 hmun atan card 2-3 a tawk.

2.Chrisopids :

He rannung hi thosi ang deuh , a tksa a hring, a thla erawh a lang tlang thei a, hemi a vang hian . "Green-lace Wings" ti a koh a ni. He rannung hian thlai ral- a tui te, a pangang te, a puitling te chaw ah ringin (Predators) a suat rem thin a ni.

A tangkai na te :

1) Vegetables(Thlasik thlai ) bawmtu hrik-antam hrik kan tih mai "Aphids" ti rem tu a ni.

2) Thlai hnah leh kung beitu hrik chikhat nem deuh "Mealy bugs" ei tu a ni.

3) Tho chi khat thlai tana natna thlen thei tu "Jassids leh white flies" ei hlum tu a ni bawk.

A hman dan/ A chhuah dan :

Chrysopids hi huanah chi hnihin a chhuah theih a-

1) A tui in (egg stage)

2) A pangang in (larval/ Nymph stage )

3.Coccinals ( Ladybird Beetles) :

He rannung hian rannung vek chaw ah a ring a, a note leh a puitling in rannung a ei thin.

Kelte laimwm chi khat, bekang fang tiat awrh, sephung kawr ang nei , a hnungzang ah khuavang chhin chhiah awm ang thluah thin hi a ni. Hetiang hi chi 8 vel an awm a. Heng rannung hi state thenkhat chuan laboratory ah an vulh pung nasa tawh a, thlai- a bikin, buh , antam chi hrang hrang , bean, vaimim etc ven nan an hmang tawh a ni. (Mizoramah chuan kan la ti ve rih lo )

4.Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) :

Hei hi hrik te tak te te, Mit lawnga hmuh tham loh, bacterium a ni. fu, buh, vaimim, la etc hmuna phengphehlep chi hrang hrang leh lungphur thlahtu suat nan hman thin a ni.

Laboratory a siam sa, hman nghal mai theih tura buatsaih sumdawnna hming , "Delfin" tih chuangin India ram state hrang hrangah lei theih a ni. ( Kan state ah chuan kan la siam lo)

5.NPV-(Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses) :

NPV hi hrik te tak te mit lawnga hmuh tham loh virus a ni a, nimahsela mihring tan a hlauhawm loh, Pangang chi hrang hrang suat nan a tangkai em em a ni. NPV, laboratory a siamsa , tui nen a chawhpawlh tur a hman mai theih, ram pawn hrang hrang ah packet in lei tur a awm reng a ni.

EPN - Entopathogenic Nematodes chu rulhut , mihring kaw chhung a awm chi ni lo, mit lawng a hmuh tham ni si loh, rannung thah nan a tangkai em em mai hrik, "Bacterium" nei chi a ni. EPN hi thlai eichhetu rannung taksa ah lutin , amah inthlah pungin rannung a ti hlim thin a ni. Thlai chi hrang hrang leh buh hmun a pangang suat nan an hmang tangkai em em a ni. He rulhut hi laboratory a siamsa packet , tui nen a chawhpwlh mai tura siam a awm a, lei theih maiin hmun dangah chuan a awm. Heng Biopesticides kan tar lan bakah hian a dang tam tak a la awm a ni.

THLAI NATNA VENGTU BIOPESTICIDES:

Thlai natna hrik laka vengtu Bio-pesticide pawh hmuh chhuah zel a ni a, chung zinga lar zual deuh te chu hetiang hi an ni.

I. Bacterial natna laka vengtu - Pseudomonas spp.

II. Soil borne diseases( lei atanga natna) laka vengtu - Trichoderma spp.

A hman dan :

Biopesticides thlai natna laka veng him tu te hi chi 4 in an hman theih .

1) Seed Treatment (Thlai chi sawngbawl nan)

2) Dipping method (Thlai zung/tuber chiah nan)

3) Foliar spray (Thlai dinglai a kah)

THLAI HRANG HRANGA BIOPESTICIDES HMAN DAN

Thlai Hming	Natna hming	Biocontrol Agent hman tur hming	Rannung a suat rem te
1	Trichogramma Japonicum	a) Buh	Buh kuang nget(stem borer)
		b) Fu	Fu kung hreuhtu(Early shoot borer)2
2	Trichogramma Chilonis	a) Buh	Buh kunga pangang chi hrang hrang
		b) Fu	Fu ti ngettu pangang hrang hrang (Early borer,stalk, Top borer, internode borer etc)
		c) Serthlum/ser	Ser hnah eitu pangang( Citrus leaf eating caterpillars)
		d) Vaimim	A kung hreuh tu pangang leh a fang a pangang( Maize stem borer )
		e) Tomato	Tomato rah beitu pangang (Tomato fruit borer)
		f)Alu
		g)Behlawi
		h) Bawrhsaiabe	Hnah leh rah eichhe tu pangang
		i) Badam	Hnah leh rah eichhe tu pangang
		j)Changkha	(Helicoverapa armigera)
		k)Bekang	(Helicoverapa armigera)
		l)Channa etc
3	Trichogramma Pretiosum	Tomato	Rah leh hnah eitu pangang (Harmigera)
4	Trichogramma Bactrae	Zikhlum,Parbawr,Bulbawk,Antam leh Broccoli etc	Hnah eichhetu pangang(plutela Xylostela)

BUNG 8

BUH CHIN HUNPUI LEH HLO THLAWH

Buh chin hunpui:Kum khat chhungin buh chin hun pathum a awm a. A pakhatna chu Fur buh( chu chu kharif rice) an ti a. May leh June thla chhung chin a ni a. September leh October thlaah an seng ber. A pahnihna chu Thlasik buh (Rabi) a ni a. June leh July thla velah an ching a, November leh December thla velah an seng thin. A pathumna chu Nipui buh an tih loh pawhin. " Thal buh" an ti a. November leh December thlaah an ching a, March leh April thla velah an seng thin .

Thar rang a ni emaw , thar tlai a ni emaw , a chin hun a danglam lo. Mizorama kan chin dan deuh chu, Zo deuh kan neih kumin buh kan tuh hma deuh va, phai leh hmun lum deuhvah tlemin kan muang deuh va, Leileta tui lak nena chawm tur leh ruah van tla ringa, chin tur te, phunsawn tur a ni emaw theh emaw, a chi thlakna hmanga buh chi thlakn tur pawh nise a hun a dang chuang lo. Thil pawimawh tak kan hriat fo tur erawh chu , kan ruahtui dawn dan hi a ni a. May thla velah dawng tanin thla nga chhung kan dawng ber a, hemi chhunga puitling hman tura inbuatsaih a, buh pawh thar rang lam kan um fo hi a tul tih hriat a tha.

A hma lama kan sawi tak bakah buh chin hun atan a Scientist te recommend dan chu Fur buh (Kharif) tan April thla tawp lam atanga May thla chhung hi buh chi kui hun a ni. Ruah awmdan azirin June thla tir lam a thleng thei ang. Buh kui a, phun sawn tur a nih chuan a phunsawn hun hi a thar hma danin a zir hle a, hei hi chhut ngun a ngai . A thar hma zual chu buh chi (tiak) ni 15 aiin a upa tur a ni lo.

Mizoramah hian kum khatah tum khat kan ching ber a, Tui pek tur thatnaah chuan tum hnih pawh kan ching ve tan ta. Kum 1989-1990 pawh khan tum hnih , Fur leh Thlasik buh kan ching tawh a. Fur buh chu hectare 14,427 hmuna chin a ni a, Thlasik buh erawh chu hectare 193 hmunah chauh kan la ching thung. Kan thar hlawk lam erawh chu hectare khat a MT 1.66 thar ang kan ni a, chu chu quintal 16.60 a ni a. Punjab leh Haryana angah te chuan hectare khatah MT 3 chuang an thar tawh a, chu chu kan thar let a nih chu.Keini pawh a zau lama tan kan lak ang bawkin hlawk zawka thar tura tan lak a ngai a ni.

Kum 1990-91 atanga 1992-93 chhung pawhin Fur buh leh Thlasik buh te kan lo ching uar tial tial a. Kum 1991-92 ah phei chuan Thlasik buh (rabi) chu a hma kum zawng aiin kan thar tam zawkin kan thar hlawk zawk bawk. Kum 2010-11 ah chuan Kharif - ah 29567 MT lai kan lo thar ta a, a tharhlawk dan pawh Hectare khata 2.43MT lai a lo tling ta.

Hlo thlawh : Hlo kan thlawh chhan te hi chik takin kan ngaihtuah ngai lo a ni mai thei.

Mahse heng hi hre reng ila. Hnim hian boruak, nieng, tui leh chaw an mamawh ve tho va. Buh hmuna an awm chuan buh ab chuhpui a, buhin a chhiatpui thin. Chu mai pawh ni lovin buh hmun a hnim viau chuan Sazu leh rannung chimawm dang an huangtau nghal thin. Hei vang hian hnim hi ngaimawhawmin uluk taka hlo thlawh thin tur a ni.

Kan lo neih dan pangngai angah hi chuan kan tha sen zaa 70 zet hi hlo thlawh nan kan hmang a ni. Chutih laiin All India Cordinated Research Project, Bhubaneswar Centre chuan Fur buh hun taka thlawh loh chu a thar 100 a 90 thlengin hnimin a tikiam thei niin a sawi. Leileta buh phun sawna kan chin hian hnim hi a ngaimawhawm nep deuh, mahse tuiin a chim reng thei si lova, a chim loh veleh hnim a lo pawng thuai thin.

A phun hnu ni 20 ah hlo thlawh ngei a ngai thn, chu chu lei tha pek hma nise, a vawi hnihna atan buh phhun atanga ni 50 or 60 velah thlawh leh tur a ni. Chu pawh chu leitha pek hma bawk ni leh se. Kuta hlo thlawh hi a in senso thlakin hlawhfa rawih mante a lo to ta a, chubakah duh hunah hlawhfa an awm lo thei a, ruah sur avangin hna a khaihlak thei viau bawk. Hlo tur hmanga hlo thlawh hi a thain kan ching uar sawt hle ta mai. Buh hmunah hian hlo hnah tung leh hnah bial chi hrang hrang a tam mai a, chutianga hlo tur kan hmang dawn erawh chuan fimkhur a ngai hle .Hlo tur thenkhat, buh hmuna hman chi a awm a, chungte chu lo sawi ila. ( Kualkhung chhunga hming hi company in bazara zawrh atana a hming an vuah a ni a, pawna mi hi a hming pangngai a ni).

1.Propanil( Stam F-34) : Lo hectare khata zau kah nan Propanil litre 8 a tawk a, chu chu tui litre 400 atanga 600 vela pawlh tur a ni. Kah hmain tui sah kang phawt tur. Chumi hnu darkar 24-48 ah tui khung leh tur a ni a, buh kungin lei a zar fel thlengin tui chu paih tawh loh tur. Hlo a kah hnu darkar 4-6 leka ruah a sur mai chuan duh angin a thawk tha hman lo. Buh phun hnu ni 5 leh ni 8 vela kah tur a ni. A nih loh pawhin hnimin hnah pakhat atanga pathum a neih lai vel hi a kah hun tawk a ni.

2.Butachlor (Machete):Buh hmuna hnim hnah tung leh hnah bial kah nan a tha . Hnim hnah tung kan tih hian phul leh thang ang chi hi a ni. Buh phun hma lei kawi hnu si emaw phun veleha hman tur a ni a, a tuia kah a nih loh pawhin a dip mu deuhva an siam phul tur a ni. Hnim chawr hma ngeia hman tur a ni bawk. Hnim chawr tawh chu a that theib meuh lo. Hectare khata zauvah litre 5 tui litre 400 atanga 600 a pawlh dala kah a tawk . A dip a nih chuan kg. 50 a tawk a, tuiin inches 2 vela thukin buh a chim laia phul mai tur. Lei rova phul loh tur. Kan kap dawn a nih chuan kah hma tui sahkang hmasak a ngai. Buh phun atanga ni 3 na leh ni 5 na velah kah tur a ni.

3.Fluchloralin (Basalin): Leia leh pawlh tur a ni a. A tui chi a nih chuan tuiin buh inches 2 vela thuka a chim chhung khan kah mai tur. A dip a nih chuan theh mai tur. A hun thu ah chuan lei kawi hnuhnun ber hnuah emaw buh phun hnu ni khat atanga ni thum chhung vel ni se a tha. Tin, hectare 1 atan litre 2 tui litre 400 atanga 600 vela pawlh a tawk. A dip a nih chuan kg. 40-50 a tawk.

4.Nitrofen (Tok-e 25) : Hnim tiah hmaa hman tur a ni a, a thi awl hle bawk. Hnim kum tina a thar a lo tiak thin ang ho hi chawlhkar li chhung a veng thei . Buh phun hnu ni hnih leh ni li chhung vela hman tur a ni a, A dip a nih chuan hectare khatah kg. 20-25 a tawk a, kah tur a nih chuan a tur hlang (cl) kg .2 tui litre 400 atanga 600 a pawlha kah tur a ni. Kah laiin emaw phul laiin emaw lei a hnawng tawk tur a ni.

Hei hi hnimhnah bial leh hlai deuh, kum tin a hrana lo lang thin ang chi, entir nan vaihlen hlo leh buar te leh tuidawl te kah nan a tha. Buh a la no viau chuan a haw ve thei. Tin, nisa leh khawlum tak hnuaiah pawh a haw ve thei. Hectare khat hmun kah nan 800 gm, atanga kg 1 (khatah) tui litre 600 nena pawlhin a tawk a. Buh phun a tanga thla khat vel hi a kah hun a ni.

5.MCPA: MCPA hi 2, 4D ang tak , mahse 2, 4-D aia tha a ni. A thawh dan pawh 2,4-D aiin buhin a haw lo zawk. A hman ngai zat chhu 2, 4-D ang tho a ni.

6.2,4-D : Thlai hnah tung leh sin, Buh, Vaimim leh thlai dang hmuna hman chi a ni. Hnim hnah bial thahna chi a ni. A dip, tuia pawlha kah tur a ni a, a tak lutuk chu buhin a haw thei a, a nih tur aia a dal chuan hnimin a than duan phah thei. Chuvangin a hman dan rate dik tak zawm a tha. Chuta tan chuan 2, 4-D kg.1 a tanga kg.2 hi tui litre 400 atanga 600 vela pawlha kah tur a ni.

7. Glyphosate (Glyphosate/Round-up/Glycel) :Eng hnim leh thlai pawhin a hua tih hriat a tha. Chuvangin hman fimkhur a ngai em em a . Tin, DI HLO a ni bik lo. Buh hmuna hman atana recommend a ni lo bawk. Alu hmun leh thingpui huan te hi hmanna tur hmun leh pawimawh zual a ni. Kah atanga ni 10 vel atangin hlo a thi tan deuh ber.

A hman dan chu Glyphosate litre 1 1/2 atanga litre 4 tling lom deuh hi tui litre 450 vela pawlha hnim kah tur a ni. Hnim kum hlun chi chu hnah 4-8 tal neise a tur a thawk tha bik a, a puitlingin an haw zual . Kum tina lo lang thin ho erawh hi chu a upat leh naupan thu sawi a ngai lo , an haw vek.

Rilrua kan hriat atana tha tak pakhat chu tur hmang ringawta hlo thlawh tum hi a tha lo. Tum khat tal chu kutin emaw hmanraw dang (weeder) nen emaw kan thlo tur a ni. Hei hi buhin a ngeih bik. Nipui lai emaw thal laia lei lo leh lawk hian hnimin a thuanawp pui a, hlo thlawh a ti awl a, buh pawhin a ngeihin a thar hlawk phah a ni. Tin, buh phun hma a uluk taka lei kawi pawh hian hlo thlawh a ti awl hle bawk .

Tin, tur kan hman dawna hriat reng tur chu khaw that lai ngeia kah thin tur ani. Tin, kan kah laiin kan kal chak dan te, a kahna nozzle hniam leh san dante a ngai reng tur a ni a, thli thawt laia kah a tha lo bawk.

A tui chi tuia kan pawlh dal dawnin Plastic Bucket hman tur a ni a, tah chuan tur aiin tui kan dah hmasa tur a ni a, chutah tur kan pawlh ve chauh tur a ni. A powder chi a nih erawh chuan tui tlemte-ah kan chawk tui hmasa tur a ni. Chumi zawhah tui dangah kan chhuang chauh vang.

BUH HMUNA HLOTUR HMAN THIN TE

Serial No.	Common Name	Trade Name	Hman hun	Hman tur zat kg.a.i/ha
1	Propanil	Stam F-34	Hlo tiah hnu	2-3
2	Butachlor Delchlor teer	Machete, Jolt	Hlo tiah hma leh hnuah	1-3
3	Fluchloralin	Basalin	Hlo tiah hma leh thlai tiah hma	1-3
4	Nitrofen	TOK-E-25	Hlo tiah hma leh hnuah	1.5-2
5	Alachlor	Lasso	Hlo tiah hma leh thlai tiah hma	1-3
6	Benthio-carp	Saturn	Hlo tiah hma leh tiah tirhah	2-2 ½
7	2,4-D	2,4-D	Hlo tiah hnu	1-2
8	MCPA	Chiptox,Rhomene Dow, MCP	Hlo tiah hnu	0.25-2
9	Bentazon	Basagram	Hlo tiah hnu	1-2
10	Oxadiazon	Ronstar	Hlo tiah hma leh hnuah	1-2
11	Triflu	Treflan	Hlo leh thlai tiah hma	1-1 ½
12	Moti-nate	Odram	Thlai tiah hma	2-3

Trade Name : Hei hi hlo tur, a siamtu company in a hming an vuah a ni a,hetiang zawk hian zawn thin tur a ni.

BUNG 9

CROP PLANNING

Thlai chin tur ruahman (Crop planning): Thil thar leh tha zawk kan Agriculture Scientist- ten an hmuhchhuah zel avangin keini loneitu leh huan neitute pawhin kan hriatna leh thiamnate kan chaw pung ve zel a. Tin, thlai thar hlawk chi leh hrisel zawkte kan neih thar tak zel avangin mahni tana chin leh thar chauh pawh tum tawh lovin, sumdawnna (business) tlak hialah Agriculture leh Horticulture hi ngaih a lo ni ta. Chutichuan kan lo leh huan te hi kan sum hnar ber a lo nih tan tak avang hian thlai chin tur thlan fuh te, a hmun thlan dikte leh a chin dan phung dikte hi a pawimawh zual ta em em a ni. A chhan chu chin leh thar ngawt ni ta lova, kham khawp thar emaw hlep leh hloh thlenga chhut a nih tak zel vang a ni. Tunah hian crop planning kan sawi dawn a, tah chuan crop rotation te, Cropping scheme te kan sawi dawn a ni.

Crop rotation: A awmzia tak chu thlai thuhmun chinna ngaia chin tluk tluk aiah thlai chi hrang hrang tan hun bi mumal tak takin an chin thlak thin a. Hetianga ruahmanna hi lei tichhe tur leh insengso lo zawnga ngaihtuah leh a thar hlawk theih dan ber tur dap chung si a ruahmanna a ni. Hei hi saptawng chuan "Crop rotation" an ti. Chutichuan, crop rotation kan ti ve duh a nih chuan, lo pakhata thlai thuhmun ching tluk tluk lovin a inchhawkin mumal taka a chin theih ho chu kan chin chhawk thin a ngai ang. Hei hian lei a tih that sawt loh vek pawhin a tichhe lova, thlai thar pawhin a hlawk phah sawt ang. Kan tih dan pangngai erawh hi chu kan mamawh leh phak tawk ang angin thlai chi hrang hrang kan chin pawlh a, a ngai pawh rei tak kan ching thin a nih hi.

Tih dan tur :

1) Thlai zung lian leh sei , thuk tak tak thleng phak(tap root) entir nan , chhawhchhi leh a dangte hi thlai zung buk leh bawr pawnlang te te chauh thleng phak buh leh a dangte hian zui se.

2) Thlai kawm nei entir nan, bekang leh Be chi dangte hi kawm nei velo thlai dang chin zawhah kan ching tur a ni. A chhan chu hetiangn be chi hrang hrang leh a kawm nei chi reng reng hian an zung hmangin thlai chaw pui ber pakhat Nitrogen hi lei hnuaia an zung bulah an chhekkhawl thei a., lei an ti tha thei a ni. Tin, hetiang thlai tan hian Nitrogen pai Fertilizer pek vak pawh a ngai lo bawk .

3) Thlai chaw heh deuh ,keinin lei tida tu a kan sawi, Alu, Fu Vaimim leh a dangte chin zawh hian thlai dang chaw heh lo deuh hriak nei thlai chi hrang hrang leh be chi hrang hrang kan ching zui tur a ni. Thlai thenkhat lei ti da duh a kan sawi te tan hian uluk zawka lei leh te, fertilizer pek uar te, tui tam zawk pekte a ngaiin a venhimna damdawiah pawh insenso a ngai nasa zawk.

4) Thlai chi hrang hrang kan ching kual dawn a ni a. Heta kan thlai chin tur thlan thuah hian fimkhur leh uluk taka chhut a ngai. Chuvangin kan chin tur te chu a chingtute chhungkua leh a bul vela mite duh tur ngei a nih angai. Chuti a nih chuan hralh khawp pawh lo thar se man deuh pwhin awlsam taka hralh theih a ni ang .

5) Thlai, chin atana kan thlan rau raute pawh kan chin dan tur fel taka ruahman a ngai :-

       a) Hmun awih laiah emaw tui luangin lei a hrut ral nasatna laiahte chuan a inchhawka lei luangral tur veng thei, entirnan - be chi hrang hrang leh veng thei ve lem lo thlai dang chin chhawk thin tur a ni.

       b) Tui lak nena chawm theih lohna leh ruahtui tlemna hmunah te chuan khawkheng tuar thei deuh thlai thlan a, tui lian hrut phak leh ruahtui tamna hmunah te chuan chutianga chin theih thlai thlan tur a ni.

       c) Thlai engpawh thlang dawn ila, mahni sum leh pai dinhmun thlira thlan ngei tur a ni a, a chhan chu thlai thenkhat ching turin sum leh pai sen angai nasa a, thei ching tur lek phei chuan a tlachawpa khawsa chhungkua nen a inmil lo thei ang.

       d) Thlai chin atana thlan chhuah reng rengte chu Mizoram sik leh sa leh ruahtui tla mil ngei a ni tur a ni.

       e) Rannung chimawm, thlai tichhe thinte leh natna chi hrang hrangte hi thlai thenkhat tana hlauhawm bik emaw, duh bik riau nei emawte an ni a. Chutiang bawkin hnimte pawh hi thlai chin a zira awm that duhna bik riau nei an awm bawk.

       Hengte avang hian thlai thuhmun emaw inlamhnaite (family thuhmun) te chu azawna chin loh tur. Chuti a nih loh chuan hri leh rannung hlauhawm leh hnim chimawm tak tak te hi a ti punlun thei. Chuvangin thlai chi dang daiha thlak hi apumpelhna a ni.

      Crop rotation atana thlai chin tur thlan fuh chuan loneitu chhungkaw tan te, hlawhfa tan te, khawl leh hmanraw dang tan te khaihlak awm lovin thawh tur a siamsak reng thin.

Crop Rotation hlawknate : Kan sawi tak anga thlai a indawta chin thlak turah khan thlan fuh loh a awm ve thei ang. Mahse uluk takin kan ngaihtuah hmasa tur a ni. Tihfuh chuan a tha em em mai a. Chung a thatna te chu a tlangpuiin han sawi leh den den ila:

a) Pakhatnaah chuan thlai engpawh ching ila, a chin nan ram kan buatsaih atanga a tuh leh a seng thlengin engmah indip dal leh buaithlak awm lovin a thawhtheih a, hnathawk tute kaihhruai vel pawh a awlsam bik em em a ni.

b) Lei da mai tur a veng thei a, chubakah lei luangral turte , lei thur leh al, siam that har tak tak te hi eng emaw chen Crop rotation zawm avangin a ven theih.

c) Rannung chimawm leh natna hlauhawm do thu-ah te, hnim hnawksak control thu-ah te a tangkai em em .

d) Crop rotation avang tho hian loneituten an thlai thar man man zawkin an hralh thei. A chhan chu mite duh ang mila thlai an chin theih vangin.

Thlai chi hrang hrang chin te hi hlawkin tha bawk mahse, tih theih a nih vek loh chang a awm a. A chhan chu sik leh sa leh ruahtui tla, hmanrua leh thil dangin a zir lo thei ve bawk tih kan hriatthiam a tha ang.

       Chutichuan, Mizoram chhunga kan zawm theih awm chu Buh leh thlai dang tana Crop Rotation chu hetiang deuh hi ni se.

A. Tui lak nena chawm tur atan

1	Buh	Alu	Urd
2	Buh	Telantam
3	Buh	Alu	Mung
4	Buh	Motor chana	Mung

B. Ruah vantla ringa chinin

1	Buh	Alu	Urd
2	Buh	Telantam
3	Buh	Alu	Mung
4	Buh	Motor chana	Mung

Serial No.	Year	WRC/Jhum	Area	Production(Ton)(Tharzat)		Productivity(Thar hlawk dan)(Ton/ha)		All India Productivity(Ton/Ha)
				Paddy(Buhhum)	Rice(Buhfai)	Paddy(Buhhum)	Rice(Buhfai)	Rice
1	2004-05	Jhum	40,969	64,420.00	45,094.00	1.57	1.1	NA
		WRC	16,117	43,240.00	30,268.00	2.68	1.87	1.98
2	2005-06	Jhum	40,100	63,100.00	44,170.00	1.57	1.09	NA
		WRC	16,360	44,640.00	31,248.00	2.73	1.91	2.1
3	2006-07	Jhum	44,947	13,658.49	9,560.94	0.33	0.23	NA
		WRC	11,388	15,806.00	11,064.20	1.38	0.96	2.13
4	2007-08	Jhum	41,465	11,355.00	7,948.50	0.25	0.17	NA
		WRC	9,594	4,333.00	3,033.10	0.45	0.31	2.2
5	2008-09	Jhum	40,792	44,489.00	31,142.30	1.09	0.76	NA
		WRC	11,198	24,148.00	16,903.60	2.18	1.52	2.25
6	2009-10	Jhum	36,841	43,985.00	30,789.50	1.19	0.83	NA
		WRC	9,774	20,544.00	14,380.80	2.1	1.47	NA
7	2010-11	Jhum	28,562	54,077.00	37,854.00	1.89	1.32	NA
		WRC	12,130	42,250.00	29,575.00	3.48	2.43	NA

BUNG 10

BUHSENG LEH DAHTHAT

(HARVESTING STORAGE AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT)

Buh thar chhuah atanga 10% vel hi buhseng lai leh a hnu lama riral a ni a. Tin, thlai chite pawh a dah that dan thiam tawk loh avangin 5% vel kum tin hloh a ni bawk.

Buh fang puitlin nan a par atanga chhiarin, boruak lum leh vawt, ni eng leh ruahtui a zirin a tlangpuiin ni 27 vel a duh a. Ani duh zat hi buh chi (variety) a zirin a inang lo thei, entirna, "T-141" te leh CT-1014 te chuan ni 27-33 vel an duhin, hnawng 20-23% an pai a, hei hi khawla her pawhin a sawm lutuk lo. Engpawhnise a hun dik taka buh seng thiam theih nan hengte hi chhinchhiah ila:-

1. Buh seng dawn ni 7-15 velah bial chhunga tuitling sah kang tur a ni.

2. Buh vui hmawr 80% vel a hmin chuan, seng a hun tan tihna a ni. Tin, chutiang bawkin buh vui bul lam 20% vel a hmin chuan seng a hun tan tihna ani bawk. Buhfangin hnawng a pai tam chuan natna hrik leh rannung lakah a him lova, chuvangin hnawng 18-21% vel tal seng dawnah ni thei se.

3. Buh seng hun hma ni 10-21 velah chitui 15-20% vela kah theih hram ni se, hei hian hnawng a paih chhuak chak a, Buh a hmin hma phah a ni.

Buh a phala lak leh a zaina hmuna ni sa em tir hi sazu leh rannung dangte lakah a zuva nasa em em a ni.Tin, buh chilin chil nat luat leh vuak te hian buhfang a hliam a. Eichhetu rannung leh natna hrik tan remchang a siam a, fimkhur tawk thiam a tha.

Khawchhiat leh thildang avangin buh lak sa chil mai theih loh a nih chuan, tel khawma hmun 'hul remchanga dah a, a vui lam chung lam hawitir ni thei se. Hetia han tih hian boruak a ti thawleng a, lum leh sa tur a veng thei a ni. Tin, buh chilna hruihah buara leh Tarpoulin te phah thin nise, hei hian lei leh bawlhhlawh lakah a veng thei ang.

Duh dah that dawna hriat turte :-

1. Buh zema khung dawnin hnawng (R.H) 10-12% vel tal ni thei se.

2. Buh zema khung hmain 1% vel pawh natna leh rannungten an tihchhiat chuan buh zemah harsatna thui tak a thlen thei. Eg. Aspergillus Sp. Penicellium Sp.

3. Hnawng 12-14% leh lum 20-25℃ hi buh hum/fai dah that nan duhthusam a ni.

Storage (dahthatna)-ina tum ber chu, rannung leh hmuar lam natna hrikten harsatna an thlen theih lohna tura boruak lum leh hnawng thunun a ni. Chuvangin buh/thlai te rannung leh natna te, lum leh vawt thua an inlaichin dan hriat a pawimawh em em. Entirnan-Mites (Saphihrik lam chi rannung) te hi boruak 2.5℃ vel a nihin an inthlah chhawng thei lova, nimahsela hei aia a san chuan harsatna nasa zawk a thlen thei a ni.

Dah thatna boruak 35℃ a nih a, hnawng (R.H) 19% a nih chuan buh leh thlai chi te an to tha thei lo, tin, chu bakah chhangphut atan pawh duhthusam a ni lo.

Tin, dah thatna boruak 25℃ aia a san a (R.H) hnawng 20% vel a nih chuan, Fungus (hmuar) a to hma em em a, boruak lum leh vawh thu ah fungus to theih dan tlangpui hetiang a ni.

1.) 0 - 5℃	Fungus a to thei lo.
2.) 6 - 15℃	Fungus (hmuar natna hrik) a awm a nih pawhin a thang chak lo hle.
3.)25 - 30℃	Hmuar natna hri awm thei zawng zawng tan boruak tha a ni.
4.) 30 - 40℃	Asperizillus Sp. a awm thei, hei hian mihring leh ran tan natna a thlen thei.

Mites (Saphihrik lam chi) leh hmuar natna chi te hian buh leh thlaite boruak (oxygen) hmangin an tisawm a, chu chuan Carbondioxide leh hnawng a tichhuak a, a lo sa vak thin, chu mai ni lovin, rannung dang tan pawh boruak tha an siamsak a, pawi a khawih thui thei hle a ni.

Khertu rannung (Weevil) te hi buh dahna boruak 15℃ vela kan vawn theih chuan harsatna an thlen em em lo.

Rannung (Insect) leh natna hrikten harsatna an thlen tlangpuite:-

1. Buh rihna a tla hniamin a rawng a tidang lam a, a to theihna (viability%) nasa takin a tla hniam.

2. A tuina a tlahniamin Carbohydrate leh Protein te a kiam phah.

3. Natna hrik (Fungus) ten tur (Toxin, Mycotoxin) an siam a, mihring leh ran tan hrisel lohna tam tak a thlen thei, Entirnan :

Asthma natna chi hrang hrang -

1) Bonchial Asthma

2) Farmers' lungs

3) Thresher lung

Heng natna thlentu hi a tlangpuiin Smut fungus te an ni. India hian 25% vel Asthma natna vei, loneitute zingah awm nia hriat a ni.

Fungus (hmuar natna) bakah bacteria an tihten harsatna tam tak an thlen bawk. Chungte chu : Bacillus subtilis B mucoides, B coli, pseudomonas te, Bacteria hian hnawng (R.H) 17% vel a duh a, tin, lum (temperature) 80℃ lai a siam thei.

Rannung (storage insect pest) hi 1000 lai awm nia hriat a ni a, chung zinga ngaihmawhawm zual te chu :-

Buhphu : Rice moth Corcyra cephabunica hian buh bakah chhangphut leh thil dang tam tak a bei thin a. Pui khatin 200 vel a tui thei a, a tui hian ni 3-5 chhung keu nan a duh a, a puitling ai mahin a lung (larva) in harsatna a thlen.

Buh a tui hul that chuan a buaipuiawm em em lova, a nasat viau chuan ur (fumigant)-in ur tur a ni. (Methyl bromide, Celphos leh Hydrogen Phosphide).

2. Rice Weevil : Sitophilus oryza. Hei hi tuaingawt ang tak te reuh te a ni a, tropical ram hmun lum leh hnawngah a hluar em em. Pui khatin 300-550 vel ni 4-5 chhungin a tui thei a, thla 4-5 chhung a dam thei.

A ven nan urna hmanga ur hlum a sawt ber a. Tin, rannung luh theih lohna (Insect prove)-a Buh kan dah thei a nih chuan hnawng (R.H) 9% vel ni thei sela a tha.

3. Lesser Grain Borer: Rhyzopertha Sp. Hei hi a bik takin Buh hmun beitu leh khertu a ni. Buh bakah Vaimim leh Wheat te a bei thin a, pui khatin 300-500 vel a tui thei. A puitlin nan thla 2 lai a duh, a tihchhiat hnuhma lan awlsamna ber chu buhfangah kua (hole) a hreuh thin. Rannung dang te nena khaikhin pawhin hriat a sam bik em em a ni. Tin, a ven dan tlangpui pawh Rice Weevil te nen a inang.

Mizoramah hian buh leh thil dangte dah that nan zemkual tih mai loh chu kan nei meuh lova, hei hian kan sawi tum leh hnawng natna hrik leh rannung te punlun tur laka kan harsatna a veng lo viau mai a. Chubakah urna (fumigant) hmang tur phei chuan harsatna tam tak a awm a ni. A dah thatna lam hi chik zawka kan ngaihtuah a ngai hle a ni.

Dah thatna (storage) chi hrang hrang te :-

1. Lei hnuaia dah that (underground storage)

2. Pusa Bin.

3. Plastic Bin (Plastic a siam zem)

4. Steel Bin (Thir a siam buh zem)

5. R.C.C. Bin (Cement a siam buh zem) etc.

1. Lei hnuaia dah that hi (underground storage) tun hma atanga an lo hman thin a ni a. Argentina ramah Indopui-II na lai pawh khan an hmang uar hle a ni.

Lei an lai khuar a, leibang atanga hnawng put tur ven nan, buhpawl emaw, polythene emaw an phah a, tin, buh khung hnuah polythene emaw, pawlin emaw, thaw chhuak thei lo turin an chhilh leh a, leiin an plaster hnan thin a ni.

Buh dah dawnin tihro that hle tur a ni, (R.H) 1-20% vel ni se. Hetianga tih hian, a beitu rannung lakah a him a, tin, a rim leh rawng tlemin an danglam tih mai loh chu loneitute tan thil tha tak a ni.

2. Pusa Bin : A siam nan leirawhchan an rem thuah a, a karah Polythene/Sahar-a daidanin an plaster hnan a, tin, a chhin pawh phui taka siam tur a ni. Hetianga polythene-a daidan hian lum leh hnawng kal tlang tur a veng a, loneitute tan tih tlak tak a ni.

3. Steel Bin/Circular Steel Bin : Hei hi buh phur 450-500 vel dahthat nan an hmang uar hle. A hmanrua atan rangva an hmang a, a pianhmang chu tuizem khawr ang hi a ni mai, a dah luh nan leh lakchhuah nan a chung lamah leh hnuai lam ah kawngkhar hawn leh khar theihin an siam a. Boruak lut thei lovin phui takin siam tur a ni. Hetiang hmanga buh dah theih a nih chuan tichhetu rannung leh natna te pawh awlsam takin a urhlum zung zung theih a ni.

A vendan leh hmalak dantur:- Buh kan dah that dawn in, mizoten aidu hnah buhphu veng turin zem hnah phahah kan hmang thin a. Hei hi tih awm tak a ni reng a. Tin, Neem hnah dah hnan a tha bawk. Hmun thenkhatah chuan Neem Powder 23% leh Sweet flog powder 0.08% chawhpawlh an hmang bawk thin. Tin, 'Awt' buhvumah dah a tha hle bawk.

2. Damdawi hman : Buh zemah buh kan dah dawnin buhzem bang leh a vel te Malathion Cx (tura) kah ngei a tha, mahse rannung thenkhat Malathion-a kah pawh sawt lo tam tak a awm thei a. A lo awm a nih chuan D.D.V.P (Dichloro Difenyl Phosphate), Indofenphos, Bromophos, Piriphos Methyl-in 1:300 emawa kah a tha. Tin, insecticide Pyrithrum 0.01% a kah a tha hle bawk.

A urna-tur (fumigant) :- India ramah hian thil urna chi hrang hrang Ethylene Dichloride, Carbon tetrachloride, Ethylene dibromide leh Carbon tetrachloride (1 .8) te hman lar a ni deuh ber.

Fumigant (urna hlo) kan hman dawnin hengte hi kan hriat a pawimawh.

1. Boruak thawleng leh thaw chhuak thei zawng zawng te kan tiphui tha tur a ni.

2. Tarpoline leh polythene sheet 0.03 mm. a chhahin boruak thawleng ven nan khuh tur a ni.

3. Fumigant a kan ur reng reng ni 5-7 vel tal hawn thawlen tur a ni a, chumi hnuah ei chauh tur a ni.

4. Fumigant kan hman dawnin a dose dik tak kan hman a pawimawh em em.

Kan sawi tak ang khan, kan buh tharte chu natna leh harsatna awm thei laka vawnghim tur chuan 10-12% R.H (hnawng) buhzema khung a nih hmain ni thei se kan ti a, nimahsela, kan zoram sik leh sa leh ruahtui te enin, Tai thar hun hi July atanga September thla chawhma lam, fur vanglai tak a ni a, kan buh tharte tihrona turin rapchung bak kan nei lova. Ni sa emaw, a tihrona khawl kan neih si loh avangin loneituten buh seng leh dah that chungchangah harsatna kan tawk thinin a lang. Chuvangin a tihrona khawl (dryer) leilet tam deuhna leh zauhna hmun entirna-Bilkhawthlir leh Champhai leh hmun dangah te bun theih chu ni se Double Cropping (Paddy) Programme pawh hi a hlawhtlin leh zual a rinawm.

BUNG - 11

LEI LEHNA KHAWL LEH A HMAN DAN

Farm Machineries kan tih hian huan leh loa lei lehnate leh hlo thlawh nana kan hmanrua te a kawk ber. Mizoramah hmanrua changkang zawk kan hmanna hi a la rei lovin, kan la kawng bovin a hmanna tur dik takah kan hman loh chuan kan hlawhchhamin kan lunghnual fovang. Entir nan - Cultivator te hi leileh nan kan tum chuan kan hlawhchham dawn a ni.

Hmanraw changkang zawk hman hian 50% hun kan hlep theih bakah lei kan sawngbawl te kha a tha zawk em em a ni.

Chuvangin Mizoramah hian Double Cropping (kum khata buh/thlai vawi hnih thar) kan uar dawn a nih chuan hmanraw changkang zawk kan hman hi tih makmawh a ni.

PART HRANG HRILHFIAHNA

Mould Board Plough : Keini mizote hian vai tawnga 'Hal' an tih hi kan tawmpui ve mai a, lei leh nana kan hman tlangpui thir phek tlema tih lek deuh a ni a. Lei han leh hian a lei chu paihna bik a nei thin.

Disk Plough : Hei hi thir kum deuh a bial, thleng ang tak a ni a, Tawlailir ke ang hian a za ah Disk 1-3 a awm tlangpui.

Harrow : Hei hi leileh nana hman loh chi a ni a. Thira thir zum char beh te, Thingpheka thir emaw thing vuah fur te a ni hlawm. Lei tih dur nan leh thlai chi tuh vur nan an hmang ber. Tin, Disk harrow chu Disk plough ang a ni a. Mahse a te deuhin vawi khat hnuhah Disk plough aiin a hnuk tam zawk.

Cultivator : Hei pawh lei char leh nan a hman tlak loh. Thlai leh thlai inkara hnim suat nan leh thlai lei a vur nan an hmang ber. Thir phek tih Zuni (a eng lam pawh/a tawn tawnin) kual deuh hleka siam a ni tlangpui.

Puddler: Hei hi buh hmuna lei dai kawi nan an hmang ber. Tractor lianah chuan a ke beh chhana vuah a ni thin a, mahse tractor teah chuan a ke (hnung lam) thlawna vuah a ni tlangpui. `

TRACTOR LEH RAN HMAN KHAIKHINNA

Ran chhawr : (Lei leh nan Hal lo hmang ila)
Vawi khata a leh zau zawng	15 cm
Lo leh tur zau zawng	125x40sq.m
A kal thui zawng(let zo vek turin)	125x4x100 ,15x1000
Lei leh hmasak tan zawngin	33.3 Km
A vaia a kal thui zawng	33.3+33.3
Darkar khatah 3 Km. lo kal thei ta ang sela, 125x40sq.m let tur chuan	-66.6 - 33.3hrs (emaw ni 6) 2

Ni ruk chhungin a let zo dawn a lo ni.

Tractor: Ni khatah darkar riat lo thawk ang sela, a Hal hnuh kha pathum vawi khatah a hnuk thei dawn ta a.

125x40x100 - 500000 - 11.11 Km

15x31000 - 45000

Darkar khatah 6 Km. a thui lo kal sela, 125x40 sq.m let tur in

11.11x2 - 3.7

      6

Say-4 hrs.

Disk Plough : Disk plough hmanna tlangpui :-

1) Ruahtui tam loh vanga lei char/khalna hmunah.

2) Leilung rualrem lo/titohah te.

3) Lei leh lung inchawhpawlh nasaah te.

4) Disk plough hi heavy clay (tlak lei) lei te leh leidur (Tiau hmun) angah te a hman tlak em em a ni.

A thatna te :

1) Lei la leh ngai miah loh (ringthar sual nan) leh nan a tha hle, a hneh bik a ni.

2) Bawlhhlawh emaw hnim te kha lei chhungah a hnutchhiah thin a, hei hian lei a tihnawng rei thin a ni.

3) Lei thuk taka leh nan a tha ber. Hnim leh hnawmhnawk tamnaah leileh nan a hmantlak ber.

Tractor hnuh Disk plough chuan Disk pakhat atanga pasarih a nei tlangpui. Tractor in a han hnuh hian Disk te kha a mal malin amahin a vir thin.

Disk plough vuah rem dan : A tul dan anga zirin hetiang hian a siam rem theih ang.

1. Thuk deuhva lei leh kan tum chuan a disk awm dan kan thlak a ngai a. Tihawn zual deuhin alet thuk lo deuh. Mahse 15℃-25℃(max) bak hi chu tih awm/lei loh a tha.

2. Disk tih lei hian a let thuk na a, a leh zauh zawng (width of cutting) a zim ve thung.

3. Disk plough tih rih hian lei a let thuk sawt.

4. Disk plough hnung lama disk pakhat (Rear furrow wheel) hi disk plough hmasa ber anga tihawn ve hian a sir lam a paih (side drop) a ti tlem thei.

5. Disk plough tih fai leh tah hriam hi a pawimawh hle.

6. Rear furrow wheel kha rualrem taka leileh nan siam rem that tur.

7. A leh zau zawng siam that nan a frame leh land wheel axle angle siam rem a ngai.

Harrow : A hmanna tlangpui :-

1. Leileh tawhna hnua lei tlang lian leh hraw deuh tihnawi nan.

2. Hnim suat nan.

3. Thlai tuh na tur lei tih dur nan.

4. Thlai chi thlak tawh rih khuh nan.

5. Leileh tawh hrut rual nan.

Harrow hi chi hrang hrang a awm :-

1. Disk harrows.

2. Drag harrow - a) Spiked tooth harrows.

                            b) Spring tyne harrows

3. Blade harrows.

1. Disk harrows: Disk harrows hi Disk plough nena ngaih pawlh tur a ni lovang. Disk harrows hnathawh chu a chunga tar lan ang khi a ni. Disk harrows hi Disk plough aiin a tet bakah Tractor-in vawi khatah tam tak a hnuk thei a ni. A lei leh tih thuk nan tih rih deuh leh angle siam rem a ngai thin. (max. angle chu 200 a ni tur a ni). A tlang tihhriamte leh a disk tih fai a tangkai hle.

2. Drag harrows : Hetiang drag harrows hi thing zung hnuh khawh nan te, lei tlang hraw deuh tihnawi nan te, hnim suat nan te, thil dang dang atan hman a ni. Thingphekah thir zum khen a ni tlangpui a. Siam rem ngai lo turin thirzum khen hi a paivat deuhin khen a ni thin. Tractor hnuh chi harrows thenkhat hi chu thleh theihin siam a ni thin. Leilet thuk deuh turin tih rih deuh a ngai thin.

      Spring tyne harrow hian spike tooth aiin lei a let thuk zawk a, tin,lungthil hmuna hman a tha zual bik.

3. Blade harrow: Blade harrow hi tlak lei hmuna hinan chi atana sianl a ni a. Fur thlai (Kharif) chin hnuah a khuh/Chhilh nan an hmang tlangpui. Blade harrow hian lei chawklet lovin a tiphut ringawt a ni.

Cultivators: Cultivator hi thlai chin tawhna emaw thlai a to tawh hnua lei sawngbawl nan hman a ni ber.

A thil tum tlangpui te :-

1. Hnim ina kan thlai chinte tui leh lei tha an chuhpui loh nana suat nan.

2. Lei hnawng ro hma lutuk tur ven nan.

3. Thlai than laia lei dur tha taka siam sak nan.

4. Ruah sur laia ruah tuiin lei a tih hnawn zung zung theih nan leh tha taka a inthlit hul theih nan.

Cultivator hi leileh nan emaw ringthar sual nana hman tur a ni lo. Lei leh vek tawh hnu, thlaite pawh centimetre eng emaw chena sang a nih hnuah chauh hman tur ani.

Cultivators siam rem dan :-

1. Cultivator hi thlai leh thlai inkara lei tih dur nana hman a nih avangin a kar zau zawng hi eng emaw chen a tihdanglam theih.

2. Lei leh thuktir deuh duh chuan a invuah dan angle te thlak theih a ni a.

3. Leileh laiin a lei paihna lam leh lei paih zah kan duh dan a zirin a siam rem theih bawk.

Mould Board Plough : Mould Board plough hi leilehna atana kan hman lar ber pawl a ni awm e. Dan naranin Bawng leh Lawi a hnuktu- ah kan hmang ber, Mould Board plough hi chi hnih a awm :-

a) Kawng khat emaw kawng hnih a lei lehna

Kan hman tlangpui hi kawngkhat chi hi a ni a, ding lamah lei a paih tlangpui. Lei kan han leh hian a lei hnuh khawh kha paihna lam bik a nei thin. Kawng hnih a leilehna ang chi hi chuan ding leh vei lamah a paih theih a ni.

       Kawng hnih nei chi hi tlangram terrace leilehna atan a tha hle. A lei paih lam a inan vek avang hian khuar lai nei bik lovin lei a let (kai) zo thei a ni. Hetiang leilehna hian lo hi rualrem takin tih rual leh hranpa ngai tawh lovin a siam nghal thei a ni.

b) Vei emaw ding lama leilehna: Hetiang leilehna chi hi chuan a hming put ang zelin alei paih lam pawh a tar lang thin. Vei lam leilehna chuan vei lamah lei a paih a, ding lam leilehna chuan ding lamah.

MOULD BOARD

Dan naranin Moulding Board Plough hi ruah tamna hmunah an hmang tlangpui. Ruahtui tamna ah chuan hnim a lo tam tlangpui a, heng hnim hi mould board plough hmanga lei han leh hian lei chhungah a inphum ta thin a ni. Hnim hring lei chhunga phum hian a lo tawihral a, lei (lo) pawh lei thatna telh ang maiin a lo tha thin.

       Lei thatna, Bawngek emaw Fertilizer emaw kan theh darh hnuah mould board plough hian let ila a inchawhpawlh tha bik thin a ni.

Tractor hnuh Mould Board Plough a nih chuan pahnih/pathum vawikhatah a hnuk tlangpui thin.

Power Tiller: Power Tiller hi 8-12 HP a ni deuh ber a, hmanraw chi hrang hrang hmangin leileh nan leh thildang ang tih nan a hman theih a ni. Ke pahnih a nei a, hnung lam atanga mihring khalh a ni.

A HMANRAW KENTE

1. Rotary Assembly: A hranga a Gear neiin duh duh hunah Speed chi hrang hrangin a tih vir theih. Straight tynes leh bent tynes blade a nei a, chu chu tun laia leileh nana kan hman tlangpui chu a ni Inches 6 a thuk a let thei.

2. Mould Board Plough : Reversible Mould Board Plough (one bottom) a hmang ve thei a, a leileh thuk zawng leh zau a tihdanglam theih a ni.

3. Cultivator: Ha panga nei (5 tynes) cultivator a hmang thei bawk.

4. Puddling: Lei dai kawi/chiar nan chuan a ke pangngai la thlain a ke thir hman a ngai a, chu bakah Rotary assembly nen tangkawpin hman tur a ni.